Cytoskeleton 1
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Questions and Answers

What type of filaments are made up of smaller subunits that form helical assemblies through self-association?

  • Microtubules
  • Actin filaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microfilaments (correct)

Which protein accelerates depolymerization of actin filaments?

  • Filamin
  • Cofilin (correct)
  • Profilin
  • Fascin

What is the primary function of actin in cells?

  • Energy production
  • Mechanical support (correct)
  • DNA replication
  • Cell division

Which crosslinking protein forms linear bundles of actin filaments?

<p>Fascin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does ATP binding do to actin monomers in filaments?

<p>Enhances stability and affinity for neighboring subunits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein regulates actin dynamics by inhibiting nucleation?

<p>Profilin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells?

<p>Storing Calcium Ions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the binding of Ca²⁺ to TnC in the tropomyosin-troponin complex allow?

<p>Facilitates the binding of myosin to actin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins are associated with actin filaments in striated muscles?

<p>Tropomyosin, Troponin C, Troponin T (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an action potential in muscle cells?

<p>Depolarization of myofibrils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of myosin heads in muscle contraction according to the Sliding Filament Model?

<p>Interacting with actin filaments to create tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What blocks the binding of myosin to actin filaments in muscle cells?

<p>Troponin-tropomyosin complex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

<p>Maintaining correct shape and structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of filaments determines the positions of membrane-enclosed organelles in a cell?

<p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

<p>24 nm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of filaments provides mechanical strength to a cell?

<p>Intermediate filaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of actin filaments in a cell?

<p>Determining cell shape and necessary for cell locomotion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are actin filaments and microtubules structured?

<p>Compact and globular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

<p>Determining cellular organization and polarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is described as a cellular membrane protrusion that increases surface area?

<p>Microvilli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do cells need proper organization in space according to the text?

<p>To interact with each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Adherens Junctions in a cell?

<p>Occurring at cell-cell junctions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of the cytoskeleton filaments in forming polarized structures?

<p>It allows rapid modification of cell structure under different conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Apical and Basolateral Membranes in a cell?

<p>Defining directional orientation within the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell is responsible for pushing out protrusions at its front or leading edge?

<p>Actin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During cytokinesis in eukaryotic cell division, what structure divides the cell in two?

<p>Contractile ring of actin and myosin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motor protein is responsible for muscle contraction in most animal cells?

<p>Myosin I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are known for their ability to crawl by pushing out protrusions and dragging themselves forward by traction?

<p>Amoeba and Fibroblasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells actively divide using a contractile ring consisting of actin and myosin after mitosis?

<p>Fibroblasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion do actin-dependent motor proteins generate inside cells?

<p>Linear motion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the cell to move forward by traction?

<p>Actin filaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motor protein family do all actin-dependent motor proteins belong to?

<p>Myosin family (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of a contractile ring during cytokinesis in eukaryotic cell division?

<p>Divides the cell in two (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are examples of those that can push out protrusions and move forward by traction?

<p>Amoeba (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of motion do actin-dependent motor proteins generate inside cells?

<p>Powered motion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of the contractile ring during cytokinesis?

<p>Divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of filaments are necessary for cell locomotion?

<p>Actin filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do microtubules serve in a cell?

<p>Determining organelle positions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

<p>8-12 nm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of actin filaments in shaping a cell?

<p>Providing mechanical strength (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cytoskeleton is responsible for directing intracellular transport?

<p>Microtubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of a cell does actin filaments specifically determine?

<p>Cell shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers muscle contraction by moving the tropomyosin-troponin complex and freeing the myosin-binding site on actin filaments?

<p>Depolarization of myofibrils by calcium ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein attaches to actin filaments and uses ATP hydrolysis to generate motor force in muscle cells?

<p>Myosin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In muscle cells, what causes the thin actin filament to slide over the thick myosin filament during contraction?

<p>Interaction of myosin heads with actin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event leads to the simultaneous shortening of all sarcomeres in muscle cells?

<p>Myosin head walking along actin filaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tropomyosin in muscle cells regarding the binding of myosin to actin filaments?

<p>Blocks the binding site in the presence of calcium ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, what primary function is performed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in terms of calcium ions?

<p>Storing and releasing calcium ions for contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of filaments are made up of smaller subunits that form helical assemblies through self-association?

<p>Intermediate filaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein inhibits nucleation in actin polymerization dynamics?

<p>Profilin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of actin in cells related to microvilli support?

<p>Support microvilli projections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proteins form linear bundles of actin filaments?

<p>Fascin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows actin filaments to polymerize or depolymerize, enabling cell migration and interactions with the environment?

<p>Hydrolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory protein accelerates the depolymerization of actin filaments?

<p>Cofilin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of no aerobic respiration in muscle cells?

<p>Deterioration of sarcoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does alpha-amanitin affect actin filaments?

<p>Blocks depolymerization of actin filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do chemical compounds such as phalloidin play in studying actin filaments?

<p>Stabilize or destabilize actin filaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the toxic effect of phalloidin on cells?

<p>Binds actin filaments selectively (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

<p>To organize and maintain cell shape and structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of filaments determine the positions of membrane-enclosed organelles and direct intracellular transport?

<p>Microtubules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of actin filaments in a cell's functions?

<p>Determine cell shape and enable cell movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cytoskeletal component is crucial for cell locomotion?

<p>Actin filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diameter range of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton?

<p>$5-10$ nm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of filaments are necessary for stabilizing a cell's environment by associating it with surrounding tissues?

<p>Intermediate filaments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of microtubules within a cell?

<p>Direct organelle positions and intracellular transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do actin filaments contribute to cell locomotion?

<p>$By$ $determining$ $the$ $shape$ $of$ $the$ $cell$ $and$ $enabling$ $movement$ $and$ $migration$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for dividing the eukaryotic cell into two daughter cells during cytokinesis?

<p>A contractile ring consisting of actin filaments and myosin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which motor proteins are associated with causing motion inside cells in association with parts of the cytoskeleton?

<p>Myosin, Kinesin, and Actin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein family do all actin-dependent motor proteins belong to?

<p>Myosin family (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the contractile ring during cytokinesis in eukaryotic cell division?

<p>Dividing the cell into two daughter cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes motion inside cells by generating force in muscle cells?

<p>Myosin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proteins form contractile structures by associating with actin to facilitate muscle contraction?

<p>Myosin II (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are capable of pushing out protrusions and moving forward by traction?

<p>Neutrophils (WBC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell pushes out its protrusion at its front or leading edge?

<p>Cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cytoskeleton in a cell?

<p>Providing mechanical strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is described as a cellular membrane protrusion that increases surface area?

<p>Microvilli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Apical and Basolateral Membranes in a cell?

<p>Maintaining cell polarity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein uses ATP hydrolysis to generate motor force in muscle cells?

<p>Myosin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Adherens Junctions represent within a cell?

<p>Protein complexes at cell-cell junctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event leads to the simultaneous shortening of all sarcomeres in muscle cells?

<p>Contraction of muscle fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of actin in cells related to microvilli support?

<p>&quot;Increasing surface area&quot; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the binding of Ca²⁺ to TnC in the tropomyosin-troponin complex allow?

<p>&quot;Contraction of muscle fibers&quot; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum during muscle contraction?

<p>Releasing calcium ions for muscle contraction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In muscle cells, what causes the simultaneous shortening of all sarcomeres?

<p>Actin filaments sliding past myosin filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers an action potential in muscle cells to initiate muscle contraction?

<p>Release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during rigor mortis in muscles?

<p>Freezing of sarcomeres in a contracted state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tropomyosin in striated muscle in the absence of Ca²⁺ ions?

<p>Preventing attachment of myosin to actin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the release of myosin heads from actin filaments during muscle contraction?

<p>Binding of Ca²⁺ ions to troponin C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the troponin complex in muscle cells during contraction?

<p>Interacting with Ca²⁺ ions to regulate muscle contraction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the binding of Ca²⁺ ions to troponin C affect muscle contraction?

<p>&quot;Crossbridge detachment&quot; and relaxation of sarcomeres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein accelerates depolymerization of actin filaments?

<p>Cofilin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ATP-bound actin in actin filaments?

<p>Stabilizes the filament by having a higher affinity for neighboring subunits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which accessory protein inhibits nucleation during actin dynamics?

<p>Profilin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do bundle-forming crosslinkers play in actin filaments regarding cell shape?

<p>Form linear bundles making the structure more rigid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of gel-forming crosslinkers in actin filaments?

<p>Create 3D meshwork with semisolid properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do actin filaments in muscle cells differ from microtubules?

<p>Actin filaments have parallel protofilaments compared to microtubules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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