Cellular Aerobic Respiration lab 5

ATP Synthase and Proton Flow

• Protons flowing through the channel of ATP synthase produce ATP. This process is known as oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP Production during Aerobic Respiration

• Approximately 38 ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule during aerobic respiration.

Byproduct of Aerobic Respiration

• Water is a byproduct of aerobic respiration, specifically during the electron transport chain.

Demonstrating Carbon Dioxide Release

• Barium hydroxide is used to demonstrate the release of carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration. When carbon dioxide reacts with barium hydroxide, it forms barium carbonate, a white precipitate.

Energy Capture Efficiency

• Around 40% of the total energy from glucose breakdown is captured as ATP. The remaining energy is lost as heat.

Role of Dehydrogenases

• Dehydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogen atoms from molecules. This process is crucial in metabolic processes, including aerobic respiration, as it helps transfer electrons for energy production.

Glucose Breakdown

• Glucose breakdown is considered a catabolic reaction, meaning it breaks down a larger molecule into smaller ones, releasing energy.

Barium Carbonate Presence

• The presence of barium carbonate indicates the release of carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration. This is confirmed by the formation of a white precipitate when barium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide.

Glycolysis Product

• Pyruvate is the primary product of glycolysis.

Pyruvate Oxidation Location

• Pyruvate oxidation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells.

ATP Production Stage

• The electron transport chain produces the most ATP during aerobic respiration.

Final Electron Acceptor

• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

Citric Acid Cycle Product

• 6 molecules of carbon dioxide are formed during the citric acid cycle for each glucose molecule.

Oxygen-Independent Process

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and doesn't require oxygen.

ATP Synthase Role

• ATP synthase plays a crucial role in cellular respiration by utilizing the proton gradient created during the electron transport chain to synthesize ATP.

Glycolysis Description

• Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

Glycolysis Location

• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.

Pyruvate Oxidation Product

• Acetyl-CoA is a significant product of the pyruvate oxidation stage in aerobic respiration.

Direct ATP Production

• Substrate-level phosphorylation, which occurs during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, directly produces ATP.

Proton Gradient Function

• The proton gradient created during the electron transport chain provides the energy for ATP synthase to generate ATP through chemiosmosis.

Oxygen Role

• Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration as it serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing the process to continue.

Glycolysis Products

• 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of ATP, and 2 molecules of NADH are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis.

Citric Acid Cycle Product

• Reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) are the primary molecules generated during the citric acid cycle.

Water Formation

• 6 molecules of water are formed in the process of aerobic respiration.

Proton Flow Function

• The flow of protons through the channel of ATP synthase drives the synthesis of ATP.

Water Formation Stage

• Water is formed as a byproduct during the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration.

Energy Loss as Heat

• Energy is lost as heat during aerobic respiration primarily because of the inefficient conversion of energy, specifically during the electron transport chain.

Barium Hydroxide Use

• Barium hydroxide is used in experiments related to aerobic respiration to detect the presence of carbon dioxide. The reaction of carbon dioxide with barium hydroxide produces a white precipitate, barium carbonate, signifying carbon dioxide release during respiration.

Heat as a Byproduct

• The presence of heat as a byproduct indicates that aerobic respiration is not 100% efficient in converting energy from glucose into ATP. Some energy is lost as heat during various reactions.

Dehydrogenase Function

• One of the primary functions of dehydrogenases in aerobic respiration is to remove hydrogen atoms (electrons and protons) from molecules, helping to transfer electrons for energy production.

ATP Production from Glucose

• Approximately 38 ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose in ideal conditions.

Electron Transport Chain Byproduct

• Water is the byproduct formed during aerobic respiration as a result of the electron transport chain.

Glycolysis Substrate

• Glucose is the primary substrate utilized in glycolysis.

Acetyl-CoA Conversion

• The citric acid cycle involves the conversion of acetyl-CoA into energy-rich molecules.

Oxygen Role in Respiration

• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing the process of ATP synthesis to proceed.

Electron Transport Chain Location

• The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary location of the electron transport chain in eukaryotic cells.

Process Following Glycolysis

• Pyruvate oxidation is the process that follows glycolysis when oxygen is available.

Carbon Dioxide Release

• 2 molecules of carbon dioxide are released during pyruvate oxidation from one glucose molecule.

ATP Production Stage

• The majority of ATP is produced during the electron transport chain.

Proton Movement

• Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space during the electron transport chain.

ATP Synthase Activation

• The proton gradient created during the electron transport chain initiates the mechanical energy production in ATP synthase.

Barium Hydroxide Reaction

• The result of barium hydroxide reacting with carbon dioxide is the formation of a white precipitate called barium carbonate. This reaction is used to detect the presence of carbon dioxide.

Energy Loss Reason

• Only about 40% of the energy from glucose breakdown is captured as ATP because of energy losses during the transfer of electrons and protons in the electron transport chain, as well as other metabolic reactions.

Dehydrogenase Activity

• Dehydrogenases primarily facilitate redox reactions, where they remove electrons from molecules, contributing to the electron transport chain.

Water Production Stage

• Water is primarily produced during the electron transport chain of aerobic respiration.

Water Condensation

• Condensation of water after aerobic respiration occurs indicates that water has been produced as a result of the reaction.

Heat Generation

• Heat generation indicates that aerobic respiration is occurring, as some energy is lost as heat during the process.

Byproduct Detection

• Carbon dioxide, the key byproduct of aerobic respiration, is identified by the use of barium hydroxide in experiments, which forms a white precipitate (barium carbonate) in its presence.