Aerobic Cellular Respiration Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following accurately lists the four main stages of aerobic cellular respiration in the correct sequence?

  • Oxidative Phosphorylation, Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle
  • Krebs Cycle, Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation (correct)
  • Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Pyruvate Oxidation, Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • What is the primary role of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in substrate-level phosphorylation?

  • To directly accept electrons from the electron transport chain.
  • To be the final electron acceptor in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
  • To facilitate the reduction of NAD+ to NADH + H+.
  • To donate a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP. (correct)

    • How do the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD2+ facilitate the production of ATP?

  • By acting as final electron acceptors, forming water.
  • By directly phosphorylating ADP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
  • By carrying electrons from glucose to the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation. (correct)
  • By providing the energy needed to create a proton gradient.

    • What is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation, and what compound does it form?

    <p>Oxygen, forming water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly explains the difference between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the direct transfer of a phosphate group; oxidative phosphorylation involves redox reactions coupled with a proton motive force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cellular respiration, what is the net ATP production from glycolysis per glucose molecule?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules is not a direct product of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of ATP production occur during aerobic cellular respiration?

    <p>Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the proton-motive force in cellular respiration?

    <p>Pump protons to create a gradient that is later used by ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what form is the majority of the harvestable energy initially stored after glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, before being converted to ATP via oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fermentation in anaerobic cellular respiration?

    <p>To regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During lactic acid fermentation, what is reduced to form lactate?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the body recover from lactic acid build-up following strenuous exercise?

    <p>By converting lactate back into pyruvate when oxygen levels return to normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the reduced forms of NAD+ and FAD?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial product of the first step in ethanol fermentation?

    <p>Acetaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the final products of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose?

    <p>2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes why lactic acid fermentation is a 'fast but low production' method of ATP production?

    <p>It allows for a quick regeneration of NAD+ to fuel glycolysis, but generates fewer ATP molecules compared to aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate?

    <p>Phosphofructokinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is absent in a cell?

    <p>It stays in the cytoplasm, undergoing fermentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Krebs cycle, how many NADH molecules are produced per turn?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way is lactic acid fermentation crucial for continued glycolysis during anaerobic conditions?

    <p>By oxidizing NADH to regenerate NAD+, ensuring a continuous cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which step of the Krebs cycle is ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?

    <p>Step 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is removed from pyruvate during the first step of ethanol fermentation?

    <p>Carbon Dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reaction is catalyzed by citrate synthetase in the first step of the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, which of the following occurs?

    <p>Reduction of NAD+ and release of CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>Succinate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of fumarase in the Krebs cycle?

    <p>To hydrate fumarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the final step of the Krebs cycle, which molecule is oxidized, and which is reduced?

    <p>Malate is oxidized and NAD+ is reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

    <p>To convert light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines an autotroph?

    <p>An organism that produces its own energy using inorganic substances from its environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Within the chloroplast, where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis primarily take place?

    <p>The thylakoid membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the wavelength of light and the energy of a photon?

    <p>Shorter wavelengths have greater energy per photon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color of light is primarily reflected by chlorophyll?

    <p>Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What wavelengths of light do carotenoids primarily absorb?

    <p>Mainly blue and green.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the antenna complex?

    <p>To capture light and transfer it to the reaction center.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the aqueous fluid inside the chloroplast where the Calvin cycle occurs?

    <p>Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the interconnected stacks of thylakoids within a chloroplast?

    <p>Grana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the fall, which pigments break down first in leaves?

    <p>Chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direct product when 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) is phosphorylated by ATP during the Calvin cycle?

    <p>1,3-bisphosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of NADPH in the second phase of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>To reduce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) are formed after six cycles of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fate of the two G3P molecules that exit the Calvin cycle?

    <p>They combine to form glucose or other organic molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms are present in the ten G3P molecules that continue in the cycle to regenerate RuBP?

    <p>30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many RuBP molecules are regenerated from 30 carbon atoms of G3P?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the Calvin cycle is occurring very slowly, what does this imply about the plant's demand for ATP and NADPH?

    <p>It indicates a decreased demand for both ATP and NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Rubisco not found in animal cells?

    <p>Animals do not need to carry out photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place within organisms to convert the chemical energy from nutrients into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), and then release waste products.
    • The process involves a series of redox reactions to produce ATP.
    • The first step of cellular respiration is glycolysis.
    • The second step is pyruvate oxidation.
    • The third step is the Krebs cycle.
    • The fourth step is oxidative phosphorylation.
    • The process occurs in the presence of oxygen (aerobic) or absence of oxygen (anaerobic).

    Overview of Metabolic Processes

    • The lesson list details the various lesson topics within Unit 2, Metabolic Processes.
    • The topics covered include: an overview of cellular respiration, glycolysis & pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain, anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation, cellular respiration summary, photosynthesis introduction and light-dependent reactions, Calvin Cycle and alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation, as well as comparing photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
    • The lesson list also includes assigned homework problems for textbook material and worksheets.
    • There are also assessment details including Tylenol case study and exercise lab work.

    First Law of Thermodynamics

    • The total energy of a closed system remains constant; energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transferred or transformed.
    • Sunlight is a form of energy that can be converted into chemical energy by plants.
    • When bonds between reactant molecules break down, energy is absorbed.
    • The formation of bonds between product molecules releases energy.

    Second Law of Thermodynamics

    • In energy transfer or conversion, some energy becomes unusable and increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe.
    • Disorder increases when a system transitions from a more ordered to a more random state.
    • The overall energy change in any process or reaction is accompanied by changes in entropy.

    Gibbs Free Energy

    • The energy available to do useful work in a chemical or physical system.

    • The change in free energy determines whether a reaction is spontaneous or not.

    • Exergonic reactions release free energy (ΔG<0); these reactions are spontaneous.

    • Endergonic reactions absorb free energy (ΔG>0); these reactions are not spontaneous, requiring energy input to occur.

    • Energy coupling links exergonic reactions to provide the energy needed for endergonic reactions.

    • Catabolic pathways break down complex molecules into simpler compounds and release energy. These are exergonic.

    • Anabolic pathways build simpler molecules into complex compounds and require energy. These are endergonic.

    Enzymes and Activation Energy

    • Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed.

    • The active site of an enzyme is shaped to facilitate the interaction between reactant molecules (substrates) that bind and undergo reactions.

    • Three mechanisms by which enzymes reduce activation energy are bringing molecules together, altering charged environments of the reactants and changing the shape of a substrate.

    Aerobic Cellular Respiration

    • This process occurs with oxygen; it breaks down glucose and releases energy for the organism in the form of ATP.
    • It involves the following steps: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs' cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, and the release of 36 ATPs from each glucose molecule.
    • Three overall goals of cellular respiration are to break down bonds in glucose to produce carbon dioxide, move hydrogen electrons from glucose to oxygen to produce water molecules, and trap as much free energy as possible in the form of ATP.

    Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

    • Enzymes directly transfer a phosphate group from an intermediary phosphorylated compound such as phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP to form ATP.

    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • Energy transferred from electrons in reactions indirectly forms ATP from ADP.
    • Redox reactions occur in the mitochondria and electrons are passed along an electron transport chain until they reach oxygen which is the final electron acceptor.
    • Two important coenzymes in electron transfer are NAD+ and FAD.
    • NAD+ is reduced to NADH+H+ , and FAD is reduced to FADH2.

    Mitochondrion

    • The mitochondrion is the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes.
    • Mitochondria are composed of an outer and inner membrane, an intermembrane space and a matrix.
    • Aerobic phases such as pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle and oxidative Phosphorylation occur within the mitochondria.

    Anaerobic Respiration

    • Respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and a different final inorganic electron acceptor.

    Fermentation

    • Occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic) and requires a different final inorganic oxidizing agent to proceed.
    • Two types: lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

    The Glycolysis Process

    • Step-by-step process starting with glucose, and describing the products, location and energy type.
    • Specific enzymes are identified.

    Krebs Cycle

    • This is a cyclical process that occurs in the mitochondria.
    • Two carbons produced from acetyl-CoA enter the Krebs Cycle where the carbons exit as waste (CO2).
    • The process generates high energy molecules including (NADH, and FADH2).
    • In each turn of the cycle, one ATP is made via substrate-level phosphorylation.

    Comparing Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

    • Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are complementary processes
    • Basic information of cellular respiration (inputs/outputs)

    Light-Dependent Reactions

    • It is the first stage of photosynthesis.
    • Involves capturing light energy to produce ATP and NADPH using water as an electron donor.

    Photosystems

    • PSII and PSI contain chlorophyll a and accessory pigments are embedded in the membrane.

    Photosynthesis Summary

    • Two main stages (light-dependent and Calvin cycle) with multiple specific steps

    Alternative Mechanisms

    • Plants often use adaptations such as C4 and CAM mechanisms.
    • C4 plants spatially separate light reaction from dark reactions; CAM plants temporally separate light and dark reactions.

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    SBI4U1 2024 Unit 2 - Metabolic Processes - Lesson List PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the four main stages of aerobic cellular respiration and the biochemical processes involved. This quiz covers glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, including key concepts like substrate-level phosphorylation and energy production. Perfect for understanding the intricacies of cellular respiration.

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