Lec 1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of pathology in medicine?

  • To diagnose diseases through clinical signs and symptoms
  • To study the molecular basis of diseases only
  • To understand the underlying causes of diseases and their mechanisms (correct)
  • To develop new treatments for diseases

    • What happens to cells when they are exposed to physiological stresses or pathological stimuli?

  • They only undergo hyperplasia
  • They undergo necrosis or apoptosis
  • They undergo adaptations to achieve a new steady state (correct)
  • They remain unchanged and continue to function normally

    • What is an example of a type of cellular adaptation?

  • Carcinogenesis
  • Inflammation
  • Necrosis
  • Hypertrophy (correct)

    • What is the term for the study of changes in cells, tissues, and organs in response to disease?

    <p>Pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in the number of cells in a tissue?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the change in the type of cells in a tissue?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of continuous stress and ineffective adaptation in cells?

    <p>Cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cellular adaptations to injury or stress?

    <p>To allow tissue to survive or maintain normal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular adaptation occurs when there is an increase in cell size, resulting in an increase in organ size?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

    <p>Growth of the uterus during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a reversible change in the number, size, appearance, metabolic activity, or function of cells in response to changes in the environment?

    <p>Cellular adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an increase in cell number, resulting in an increase in organ size?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a change in cell type, resulting in a loss of cellular function?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a decrease in cell size or number, resulting in a decrease in organ size?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the underlying mechanism that promotes cellular proliferation in benign prostatic hyperplasia?

    <p>Increased levels of growth factor receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which ubiquitin ligases contribute to protein degradation in atrophy?

    <p>Attach ubiquitin to proteins, marking them for degradation in proteasomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the decrease or shrinkage in cell size due to loss of cell organelles and decrease in cell number?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of atrophy caused by a lack of nervous stimulation?

    <p>Denervation atrophy of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what stage of development do embryonic structures such as the notocord or thyroglossal duct undergo atrophy?

    <p>Early development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of persistent metaplasia in epithelial tissue?

    <p>Malignant transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the decrease in organ size due to lack of use or decreased workload?

    <p>Disuse atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which a cell digests its own components?

    <p>Autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of prolonged pressure on an organ or tissue?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of physiologic atrophy?

    <p>Post-menopausal uterus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hormone that regulates protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway?

    <p>Glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of stem cells in cellular proliferation?

    <p>Stem cells develop into new cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deficiency that induces squamous metaplasia in respiratory epithelium?

    <p>Vitamin A deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the replacement of squamous esophageal epithelium by intestinal-like columnar cells?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of metaplasia?

    <p>Signals generated by cytokines and growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category of intracellular accumulation includes lipofuscin?

    <p>Pigment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe intracellular accumulation of abnormal amounts of various substances?

    <p>Intracellular Accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of metaplasia in Barrett's oesophagus?

    <p>Increased risk of oesophageal cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of reprogramming and differentiation of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells along a new pathway?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe an abnormal substance accumulated in cells?

    <p>Endogenous substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of intracellular accumulation of abnormal amounts of various substances?

    <p>May be harmless or may cause cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a normal cellular constituent accumulated in excess?

    <p>Normal cellular constituent accumulated in excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a product of abnormal synthesis or metabolism?

    <p>Endogenous substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

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