38 Questions
What is the primary goal of pathology in medicine?
To understand the underlying causes of diseases and their mechanisms
What happens to cells when they are exposed to physiological stresses or pathological stimuli?
They undergo adaptations to achieve a new steady state
What is an example of a type of cellular adaptation?
Hypertrophy
What is the term for the study of changes in cells, tissues, and organs in response to disease?
Pathology
What is the term for the increase in the number of cells in a tissue?
Hyperplasia
What is the term for the change in the type of cells in a tissue?
Metaplasia
What is the result of continuous stress and ineffective adaptation in cells?
Cell injury
What is the primary function of cellular adaptations to injury or stress?
To allow tissue to survive or maintain normal function
What type of cellular adaptation occurs when there is an increase in cell size, resulting in an increase in organ size?
Hypertrophy
What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?
Growth of the uterus during pregnancy
What is the term for a reversible change in the number, size, appearance, metabolic activity, or function of cells in response to changes in the environment?
Cellular adaptation
What is the term for an increase in cell number, resulting in an increase in organ size?
Hyperplasia
What is the term for a change in cell type, resulting in a loss of cellular function?
Metaplasia
What is the term for a decrease in cell size or number, resulting in a decrease in organ size?
Atrophy
What is the underlying mechanism that promotes cellular proliferation in benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Increased levels of growth factor receptors
What is the mechanism by which ubiquitin ligases contribute to protein degradation in atrophy?
Attach ubiquitin to proteins, marking them for degradation in proteasomes
What is the term for the decrease or shrinkage in cell size due to loss of cell organelles and decrease in cell number?
Atrophy
Which of the following is a type of atrophy caused by a lack of nervous stimulation?
Denervation atrophy of skeletal muscles
During what stage of development do embryonic structures such as the notocord or thyroglossal duct undergo atrophy?
Early development
What is the result of persistent metaplasia in epithelial tissue?
Malignant transformation
What is the term for the decrease in organ size due to lack of use or decreased workload?
Disuse atrophy
What is the term for the process by which a cell digests its own components?
Autophagy
What is the result of prolonged pressure on an organ or tissue?
Atrophy
What is an example of physiologic atrophy?
Post-menopausal uterus
What is the hormone that regulates protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway?
Glucocorticoids
What is the role of stem cells in cellular proliferation?
Stem cells develop into new cells
What is the term for the replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type?
Metaplasia
What is the deficiency that induces squamous metaplasia in respiratory epithelium?
Vitamin A deficiency
What is the term used to describe the replacement of squamous esophageal epithelium by intestinal-like columnar cells?
Metaplasia
What is the mechanism of metaplasia?
Signals generated by cytokines and growth factors
What category of intracellular accumulation includes lipofuscin?
Pigment
What is the term used to describe intracellular accumulation of abnormal amounts of various substances?
Intracellular Accumulation
What is the consequence of metaplasia in Barrett's oesophagus?
Increased risk of oesophageal cancer
What is the result of reprogramming and differentiation of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells along a new pathway?
Metaplasia
What is the term used to describe an abnormal substance accumulated in cells?
Endogenous substance
What is the consequence of intracellular accumulation of abnormal amounts of various substances?
May be harmless or may cause cell injury
What is the term used to describe a normal cellular constituent accumulated in excess?
Normal cellular constituent accumulated in excess
What is the term used to describe a product of abnormal synthesis or metabolism?
Endogenous substance
Learn about cellular adaptations, including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia, and their mechanisms. Understand intracellular accumulations and the role of pathology in bridging clinical practice and basic science.
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