Cellular Adaptation: Understanding Adaptive Cellular Responses
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Questions and Answers

At what age do individuals with Turner's syndrome typically lose the majority of their oocytes?

  • By the age of 10 years
  • By the age of 2 years (correct)
  • By the age of 5 years
  • By the age of 15 years

    • What is a characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome?

  • Absence of X chromosomes
  • Presence of one or more extra X chromosomes (correct)
  • Presence of one or more extra Y chromosomes
  • Absence of Y chromosomes

    • What is the usual complement of chromosomes in males with Klinefelter syndrome?

  • 47, XXY (correct)
  • 45, XO
  • 48, XXXY
  • 46, XY

    • What is a result of congenital hypogonadism in males with Klinefelter syndrome?

    <p>Inability to produce normal amounts of testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained in the mitochondria?

    <p>Mitochondrial DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many genes are contained in mitochondrial DNA?

    <p>37 genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which period is the embryo's development most easily disturbed?

    <p>During the period of differentiation and development of the organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of dysplasia as a precursor to cancer?

    <p>Invasive cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increase in the size of cells?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of free radical formation in cellular injury?

    <p>Leads to oxidative damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of reestablishment of blood flow after loss of perfusion?

    <p>Oxidative injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the change in the form of cells?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of dysplasia?

    <p>Deranged cell growth resulting in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oxidative stress in cancer development?

    <p>It is thought to play an important role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Pap smear in cervical cancer?

    <p>It documents incremental epithelial changes from severe dysplasia to invasive cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts?

    <p>To physically prevent microorganisms from entering the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the presence and multiplication of a microorganism within a host, resulting in injury to the host?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the keratin layer on the skin?

    <p>To provide a physical barrier to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the internal and external exposed surfaces of the human body that are normally and harmlessly inhabited by a multitude of bacteria?

    <p>Microflora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of any relatedness between the target site and the cells of the host?

    <p>Increased likelihood of toxic reactions in the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of leukocytes in the innate immune response?

    <p>To recognize common surface receptors on invading microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the interaction in which both the microorganism and the host derive benefits from the interaction?

    <p>Mutualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for smaller extrachromosomal pieces of circular DNA that bacteria often harbor?

    <p>Plasmids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of vision loss in amblyopia?

    <p>From 20/25 to 20/200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of viral conjunctivitis?

    <p>Adenovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of allergic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of blood supply for the retina?

    <p>Both central retinal artery and vessels in the choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a complication of untreated N. gonorrhoeae conjunctivitis?

    <p>Corneal ulceration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of disorders of the retinal vessels?

    <p>Visual impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of bacterial conjunctivitis?

    <p>Mucopurulent discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment for viral conjunctivitis?

    <p>Cool compresses and artificial tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the reduction in home and community resources and limited contact with friends and family during the COVID-19 pandemic on caregivers?

    <p>Higher levels of caregiver stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strategy for managing stress in older adults, according to Eliopoulos (2022)?

    <p>Encouraging role fulfillment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of stress in children, according to Kyle & Carman (2022)?

    <p>Normal developmental issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a coping mechanism used by infants to deal with stress, according to Kyle & Carman (2022)?

    <p>Sucking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of leaving children home alone after school, according to Kyle & Carman (2022)?

    <p>Increased stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of stress in older adults, according to the American Institute of Stress (2023)?

    <p>Stress is twice as common in people aged 50 to 65 than those aged 65 to 80</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of building resilience in children, according to Kyle & Carman (2022)?

    <p>Helping children achieve balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a strategy for reducing stress in children, according to Kyle & Carman (2022)?

    <p>Providing comfort measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Adaptation

    • Cells adapt to increased work demands or threats to survival by changing their size (atrophy and hypertrophy), number (hyperplasia), and form (metaplasia)
    • Normal cellular adaptation occurs in response to an appropriate stimulus and ceases once the need for adaptation has ceased

    Dysplasia

    • Characterized by deranged cell growth of specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization
    • Strongly implicated as a precursor to cancer
    • Adaptive and potentially reversible if irritating cause is removed
    • Mostly occurs in respiratory tract and uterine cervix
    • Examples: cervical cancer develops in a series of incremental epithelial changes from severe dysplasia to invasive cancer

    Cell Injury and Death: Mechanisms of Cell Injury

    • At least three major mechanisms whereby most injurious agents exert their effects:
      • Free radical formation
      • Oxidative damage has been implicated in many diseases
      • Oxidative stress is thought to play an important role in the development of cancer

    Free Radicals

    • Highly reactive chemical species with an unpaired electron in the outer orbit (valence shell) of the molecule
    • Unpaired electron causes free radicals to be unstable and highly reactive, so they react nonspecifically with molecules in the vicinity

    Klinefelter Syndrome

    • Condition of testicular dysgenesis accompanied by the presence of one or more extra X chromosomes in excess of the usual male XY complement
    • Males with Klinefelter syndrome have congenital hypogonadism, which results in an inability to produce normal amounts of testosterone accompanied by an increase in hypothalamic gonadotrophic hormones

    Mitochondrial Gene Disorders

    • Mitochondria contain their own DNA, which is distinct from the DNA contained in the cell nucleus
    • Multiple disease-causing rearrangements and mutations can occur in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

    Stress

    • Period of Vulnerability: the embryo's development is most easily disturbed during the period when differentiation and development of the organs are taking place
    • Caregiver stress contributes to abuse of older adults, highlighting the importance of educating about available resources and support systems
    • Resilience (coping skills to effectively deal with stress) will help the child to achieve balance

    Innate and Adaptive Immunity

    • Intact skin is the most formidable physical barrier available to infection
    • Epithelial cells line and protect the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts and physically prevent microorganisms from entering the body
    • When pathogens breach the epithelial defenses, the innate immune response is initiated by the body's leukocytes, which recognize common surface receptors present on the invading microorganisms

    Infectious Disease Terminology

    • Host: any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another
    • Infection: presence and multiplication within a host of another living organism, with subsequent injury to the host
    • Microflora: internal and external exposed surfaces of the human body are normally and harmlessly inhabited by a multitude of bacteria

    Disorders of the Conjunctiva

    • Allergic: usually characterized by itching, bilateral tearing, and redness of the eye
    • Viral: common cause is adenovirus, symptoms include generalized conjunctival hyperemia, copious tearing, and minimal exudate
    • Bacterial: burning, tearing, mucopurulent or purulent discharge, usually begins in one eye and within 24 to 48 hours it spreads to the unaffected eye

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    Description

    Learn about the different types of cellular adaptations, including changes in size, number, and form, in response to increased work demands or threats to survival. Explore normal and abnormal cellular adaptations, including dysplasia.

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