Cellular Adaptation and Tissue Regeneration Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which type of stem cells are found in the inner cell mass of blastocysts in early embryonic development?

  • Embryonic stem (ES) cells (correct)
  • Adult (somatic) stem cells
  • Multipotent stem cells
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)

    • What is one potential application of stem cell research mentioned in the text?

  • To study the specific signals and differentiation steps required for the development of many tissues
  • To produce knockout mice for studying gene biology (correct)
  • To create vaccines for infectious diseases
  • To replace damaged organs with artificial ones

    • Which process involves reprogramming differentiated cells of adult tissues to become pluripotent?

  • Apoptosis
  • Transdifferentiation
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) formation (correct)

    • What is the term for an increase in the size of existing cells accompanied by an increase in their functional capacity?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

    <p>Hyperplasia involves an increase in cell number, while hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of atrophy?

    <p>Loss of innervation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is responsible for physiological hypertrophy?

    <p>IGF1 → PI3K → Akt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are terminally differentiated cells?

    <p>Cells incapable of replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to tissue repair after injury?

    <p>Scar formation and fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines pluripotent stem cells?

    <p>They can generate all tissues of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular response is a form of adaptive response?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines the relative contribution of regeneration and scarring in tissue repair?

    <p>The ability of the tissue to regenerate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells respond to reduced supply of nutrients and growth factors?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes physiological atrophy during normal foetal development?

    <p>Restriction to bed rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process leads to a controlled increase in cell number in an organ or tissue?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of stem cells?

    <p>Ability to generate differentiated cell lineages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Embryonic stem cells can only differentiate into one specific cell type.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adult stem cells are only found in bone marrow.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated by transferring the nucleus of a differentiated cell to an enucleated oocyte.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertrophy refers to a decrease in the size of cells accompanied by a decrease in their functional capacity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypertrophy results in a decrease in the size of cells

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperplasia and hypertrophy cannot coexist in the same organ or tissue

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrophy is always a pathological process, never physiological

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atrophy can be caused by increased workload and specific hormonal stimulation

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular adaptations include metaplasia, which is a change from one cell type to another

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells only exist in the early stages of embryonic development

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Terminally differentiated cells are capable of replication

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Repair after injury always consists of regeneration without any scar formation

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main characteristic of stem cells is their inability to self-renew

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells respond to increased demand by atrophy

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Healing responses after injury depend solely on the extent of the injury

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Physiological hypertrophy is induced by Ang II and ET-1 signaling pathways

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Cellular adaptation and tissue regeneration: process of cellular response to external stimuli and healing after injury
    • Cellular adaptations:
      • Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells, can be physiological or pathological, mechanisms include growth factor production and activation of intracellular signaling pathways
      • Hypertrophy: increase in size of cells, can be physiological or pathological, mechanisms include production of cellular proteins and hormonal stimulation
      • Metaplasia: cells change from one type to another
      • Numerous molecular mechanisms for cellular adaptations
    • Healing responses after injury:
      • Repair most often consists of regeneration and scar formation
      • Relative contribution of regeneration and scarring depends on ability of tissue to regenerate and extent of injury
      • Rate of cell proliferation, differentiation, death by apoptosis, and terminally differentiated cells determine size of cell populations in adult tissues
    • Role of stem cells:
      • Self-renewal properties and capacity to generate differentiated cell lineages
      • embryonic stem (ES) cells generate all tissues of the body, can differentiate into cells of multiple lineages
      • Adult (somatic) stem cells present in adult tissues, continuously divide, can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent (induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSC)
      • Stem cell research: study signals and differentiation steps, produce knockout mice, develop models of human disease, regenerate damaged organs.
    • Photomicrographs:
      • (a) and (b) show skeletal muscle in transverse section at same magnification, both normal
      • (b) shows common adaptive process, missing words: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of existing cells accompanied by an increase in their functional capacity.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the overview of cellular adaptation, tissue regeneration, healing responses after injury, and the role of stem cells in the healing process. Learn about different forms of cellular adaptations to external stimuli.

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