Cellular Adaptation and Injury Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which process describes the transformation of one adult cell type into another?

Metaplasia (correct)

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Atrophy

What is the primary mechanism of hypoxic cell injury?

Infection by microorganisms

Mechanical trauma

Chemical toxicity

Loss of blood supply (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?

Immunological reactions

Environmental pollutants

Genetic defects

Excessive nutrient intake (correct)

What distinguishes irreversible cell injury from reversible cell injury?

Inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the increase in cell size resulting from increased demand or stimulation?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What type of cell death is characterized by controlled cellular breakdown without causing inflammation?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a form of cellular adaptation characterized by a decrease in cell size?

Atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell injury can lead to both necrosis and apoptosis?

Irreversible injury Signup and view all the answers

What does not characterize reversible cell injury?

Loss of integrity of the DNA Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to cellular adaptations in response to injury?

Hormonal changes Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference between aseptic and septic inflammation?

Aseptic inflammation has a reparative character, while septic is protective. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not classified as a local sign of inflammation?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors does NOT contribute to necrosis?

Cellular apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?

Chronic inflammation involves persistent infection or lasting irritants. Signup and view all the answers

During inflammation, which mechanism is involved in the emigration of neutrophils?

Chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary outcome of acute inflammation that leads to the restoration of normal function?

Resolution of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of white blood cell primarily increases during viral infections?

Lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of pus?

Purulent inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is associated with the vasodilation effect during inflammation?

Histamine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT classify as a cause of chronic inflammation?

Short-term infection Signup and view all the answers

Signup and view all the answers

False Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Adaptation

Cells adjust their structures and functions to respond to physiological or pathological changes.
Atrophy: Reduction in cell size.
Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size, leading to organ enlargement.
Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number in an organ or tissue.
Metaplasia: Replacement of one mature cell type by another.

Cell Injury

Occurs when cells fail to adapt to stress.
Causes: Anoxia (O₂ deprivation), hypoxia, ischemia, physical agents (trauma, heat/cold, radiation, electricity), chemical agents, microbial agents, immunological reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances.
Reversible injury: Initial response to stress, potentially reversible to normal if stress removed. Characterized by acute cell swelling.
Irreversible injury: Cell cannot recover, marked by loss of mitochondrial function and impaired membrane integrity.

Cell Death

Necrosis: Local death of cells and tissue within a living organism. Distinguished from apoptosis.
Causes of necrosis: Poisons, lack of blood/nerve supply, pressure, thermal/mechanical injury.
Apoptosis (Necrobiosis): Programmed cell death, a vital process removing unwanted cells. Examples include epithelial cells in epidermis and intestines.

Inflammation

Complex protective reaction to harmful stimuli (bacteria, damaged cells, irritants).
Classification (duration): Acute vs. Chronic
Classification (causative agents): Aseptic (sterile) vs. Septic (caused by living organisms)
- Aseptic inflammation often has a reparative goal, while septic inflammation is protective.
Local signs and symptoms: Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function (the "5 classic signs").
Systemic symptoms: Fever (altered thermoregulation center), increased white blood cell count (leukocytosis, specific types increase with different infections)—neutrophils for bacteria, eosinophils for parasites, lymphocytes for viruses; alternatively, decreased white blood cell count (leukopenia)
Vascular changes: Dilation of blood vessels, increase in vessel permeability. Mediated by molecules like histamine, VEGF, and bradykinin.
Cellular changes:
- Emigration of neutrophils (1-2 days), monocytes (2-3 days).
- Chemotaxis (movement of cells toward inflammation).
- Phagocytosis (removal of invaders/damaged cells) by leukocytes.
Outcomes of acute inflammation:
- Resolution (restoration to normal): Limited injury, chemical neutralization, vascular normalization, apoptotic inflammatory cells.
- Healing by scar: Tissue damage, fibrous inflammation, purulent inflammation (formation of pus, abscess), resolution (weeks-months).
- Progression into chronic inflammation: Persistent infections/irritants, repeated acute inflammations, autoimmune diseases.

Chronic Inflammation

Long-lasting inflammation.
Causes: Persistence of infection, prolonged exposure to irritants, repeated acute inflammation, autoimmune diseases.
Cellular features: Infiltrations of chronic inflammatory cells ("round cell" infiltrate): lymphocytes, plasma cells (produce antibodies), monocytes/macrophages, cytotoxic/NK cells; coordination with immune system.
Examples of diseases: Syphilis, tuberculosis, leprosy, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, multiple sclerosis.

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Description

Test your knowledge on cellular adaptation, injury, and death. This quiz covers key concepts such as atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and the types of cell injuries including reversible and irreversible injury. Dive into the mechanisms that lead to cellular responses and their implications in health and disease.