Cellular Adaptation and Injury

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What is metaplasia?

Reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another (correct)

Uncontrolled growth of cells leading to tumors

A process related to nutritional imbalances

Permanent replacement of one cell type with another

Which of the following best describes dysplasia?

A process strictly involving genetic mutations

An adaptive response to injury

A reversible process that leads to normal cell growth

Irregular growth of cells with varying size and shape (correct)

What causes free radical injury?

Excessive nutrient intake

Physical trauma to tissues

Oxidative stress from uncharged atoms with unpaired electrons (correct)

Malfunction of the immune system

Which of the following is a type of physical agent that can cause cellular injury?

Extreme temperatures (A) Signup and view all the answers

How can radiation injury affect cells?

Through damaging DNA and producing free radicals (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of persistent severe irritation of a tissue?

Neoplasms and cancer development (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following agents can cause chemical injury to cells?

Carbon monoxide (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is most closely associated with impaired calcium homeostasis?

Cellular injury and death (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of atrophy in cellular change?

Shrinkage in cell size (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an example of physiologic hypertrophy?

Enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes hyperplasia?

Increase in the number of cells through division (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pathologic adaptation from physiologic adaptation?

Pathologic adaptation occurs in response to damaging stimuli. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in the size of the organ?

Hypertrophy (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible cause of atrophy?

Inadequate nutrition (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cellular adaptations is often reversible?

Metaplasia (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is associated with compensatory hyperplasia?

Removal of significant tissue (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of cell injury?

Ischemia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can lead to hypoxic cell injury?

Increased altitude (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular response is NOT associated with hypoxia?

Increased ATP production (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is ischemia-reperfusion injury primarily caused by?

Oxidative stress (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of impaired calcium homeostasis?

Increased cytosolic calcium levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can lead to asphyxial injuries?

Obstructed airway (A) Signup and view all the answers

What common injury can arise from oxidative stress?

Stroke (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to oxidative stress?

High levels of ATP (A) Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcium play in cellular function?

It acts as a second messenger that can activate intracellular enzymes. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is an example of abnormal endogenous products accumulation in cells?

Tay-Sachs disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is dystrophic calcification commonly associated with?

Deposition of calcium salts in injured tissue. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes necrosis compared to apoptosis?

Necrosis results in inflammation and interferes with tissue regeneration. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which lab value signifies possible cell injury by indicating an increase in white blood cells?

Leukocytosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between reversible cell injury and irreversible cell injury?

Reversible injury allows for complete recovery, while irreversible leads to cell death. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of metastatic calcification?

Hypercalcemia due to various conditions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding pathological calcifications?

Dystrophic calcification is related to tissue injury, while metastatic calcification to calcium imbalance. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of dry gangrene?

Lack of blood supply (D) Signup and view all the answers

What results from the invasion of neutrophils in wet gangrene?

Liquefactive necrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of telomeres in cellular aging?

They become too short, halting cell division (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT directly linked to cellular aging?

Sarcomere development (A) Signup and view all the answers

In gas gangrene, what causes the bubbles of gas observed in the infected area?

Hydrolytic toxins from Clostridium (B) Signup and view all the answers