Unit 2: Chemical composition of living matter and the cell

Equivalent to cells for living things

A substance made of only one type of atom

Smallest part of an element

A combination of atoms of two or more different elements

Single molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon ( with a few exceptions)

Very complex molecules;always contain the elements carbon and hydrogen

Universal solvent

Inside the cell the intracellular fluid has ____ of body water

Inside the cell, the extracellular fluid has ___ body of water

Water dissolves a lot of things, at what percentage?

Water changes temperature slowly

It absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before its temperature changes, preventing sudden changes in body temperature

Excellent solvent

Water carries with it dissolved nutrients, O2 and wastes throughout the body.

Water is a major part of saliva, mucus, and other lubricating fluid

It prevents friction where surfaces meet and move

Fluid portion of the blood; contains water

Similar to blood minus the RBC

Fluid in between the cells and the tissues in the body

Can be located within the body cavities

Responsible for balancing minerals in the body

Dissociates into cations and anions when dissolved in waer

These cations and anions are collectively called ____, which are essential in many bodily processes.

Necessary for breaking down foods

Disassociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more anions

Disassociates into one or more _______ and one or more anions

Substances within ph ____ are considered acidic.

Balances the HCL

Dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more cations.

Dissociates into one or more _______ and one or more cations.

Substances with pH ______ are considered basic or alkaline

Oxygen comprises ___ of the gas we inhale

It is essential for cellular respiration

Is produced by cells as a waste product of cell respiration

It consist phospholipid bilayer

The ______ forms the basic "fabric" of the membrane.

The polar "heads" of the lollipop shaped phospholipids molecule are ______ and are attracted to water, the main component of both the intracellular and extracellular fluids, and so they lie on both the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.

Their nonpolar fatty acid "tails", being ______, avoid water and line up in the center of the membrane

It separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment

It regulates the transport of materials entering and existing the cell.

It ensures the balance of water, inside and outside the cell.

It keeps the integrity of the cell

It bridges biology and chemistry

The liquid part of the cell

It is the gelatinous liquid

The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules

It allow transport, maintain cell shape and structure, protection, storage, and acts as the host to metabolic processes.

Cyto refers to the ___

It helps organize structures within the cell called organelles and other substances found in the fluid inside the cell. It plays an important role in many cell functions, including cell movement, signaling, and division.

It is made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Although there is some overlap in roles, generally speaking ______ ( such as actin) are most involved in cell motility and in producing changes in cell shape

The strong, stable, ropelike _______ are made up of fibrous subunits. They help form desmosomes and provide internal guy wires to resist pulling forces on the cell.

The tubelike ______ are made up of repeating subunits of the protein tubulin. They determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles. They are very important in cell division.

The _____ houses the cell's DNA, containing genetic instructions for all cell activities.

It is the command center

It directs protein synthesis and other essential cellular functions.

It simply holds the DNA making it important

It is the powerhouse

It is responsible for generating ATP, the cells primary energy currency

They carry out cellular respiration, breaking down glucose to release energy

It is the protein factory

Ribosomes attached to the ______ produce proteins for various cellular processes

The _____ synthesize lipids and detoxifies harmful subtances

Is a system of fluid-filled tunnels or canals that coil and twist through the cytoplasm

It serves as a mini circulatory system for carrying substances primarily proteins from one part of the cell to another.

Cellular machinery responsible for making proteins

Ribosomes are tiny, bilobed, dark bodies made of proteins and one variety of RNA called ______.

A small sac formed by a membrane filled with liquid. This serves as to transport materials from one place to another.

Regulate biochemical pathways that involve oxidation

Store water and nutrients

The shipping and packaging hub

Its main function is to modify proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum

Its function is to sorts and packages these molecules into vesicles for transport to other organelles or for secretion

It is the cellular recyclers

It break down worn-out organelles, cellular debris, and ingested bacteria

They recycle cellular components, providing nutrients and building blocks for new organelles

It contains a lot of enzymes and is also called suicide bag because it burst in the cost of protecting the cell

It is the structural and functional unit of the human body, and cells of similar structure and function form tissues.

It carry out the metabolic activities needed to sustain life, and they divide to form or repair tissues.

It traps the heat and oxygen