Questions and Answers
Biology is the study of all living things and the smallest living unit of an organism is called a ______.
cell
All cells contain living material called ______.
cytoplasm
Prokaryotic organisms are those whose cells lack a ______.
nucleus
Cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles are referred to as ______.
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The simplest cells are called ______.
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Organisms made up of one cell are known as ______ organisms.
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Fungi do not undergo photosynthesis because they do not contain the green pigment ______.
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All living things share common characteristics, including the ability to ______.
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Photosynthesis converts light energy into ______ energy.
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Autotrophs can make their own ______.
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Heterotrophs cannot make their own food, they must consume other ______.
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Herbivores eat ______.
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Aerobic respiration occurs ______ oxygen.
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Anabolism involves ______, while catabolism involves breaking.
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All organisms respond to ______ in order to survive and reproduce.
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Homeostasis refers to a ______ or stable condition.
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Sexual reproduction involves creating a new organism from two parents' ______.
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Asexual reproduction involves only a single ______.
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The union of an egg cell and sperm cell is called ______.
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A fertilized egg cell that results from fertilization is called a ______.
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Cells that contain a single set of chromosomes are known as ______.
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An organism with both male and female sex organs is called a ______.
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Producers are organisms that make their own food by absorbing ______.
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Cellular respiration involves cells releasing the chemical energy stored in ______.
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Study Notes
Biology Overview
- Biology is the study of living organisms.
- Organisms are classified into various categories: bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
Cell Structure
- Cells are the smallest living units of organisms and contain living material called cytoplasm.
- All cells are encased in a cell membrane that regulates the passage of substances in and out.
Types of Cells
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Prokaryotes are simpler cells, while eukaryotes are more complex.
Domains of Life
- Life is categorized into three domains:
- Eukarya: consists of eukaryotic organisms.
- Prokarya: includes prokaryotic organisms.
- Archaebacteria: also prokaryotic organisms.
Kingdoms Classification
- Kingdom Monera: prokaryotic cells (bacteria), unicellular.
- Kingdom Protista: eukaryotic cells, can be unicellular.
- Kingdom Fungi: eukaryotic cells; primarily multicellular, except yeast.
- Kingdom Plantae: multicellular eukaryotes.
- Kingdom Animalia: multicellular eukaryotes.
Common Characteristics of Living Things
- Basic unit is the cell.
- All living things reproduce (sexual and asexual).
- Universal genetic code based on DNA.
- Grow and develop over time.
- Obtain and use materials/energy.
- Respond to environmental stimuli.
- Maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis).
- Evolve as a group over time.
Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction: involves two parents' gametes, producing genetic variation.
- Asexual Reproduction: involves one parent, resulting in genetically identical offspring.
- Fertilization leads to the formation of a zygote (diploid).
Chromosome Types
- Haploid cells: contain a single set of chromosomes.
- Diploid cells: contain two copies of chromosomes (e.g., zygote has 46 chromosomes).
Genetic and Sex Chromosomes
- Female (homogametic): XX; Male (heterogametic): XY.
- Hermaphrodites possess both male and female reproductive structures.
Organism Roles in Ecosystem
- Producers: create their own food using sunlight (Monera, Plantae, Protista).
- Consumers: obtain energy by consuming other organisms (Animalia, Protista).
- Decomposers: break down dead organic matter (Monera, Fungi).
Energy and Metabolism
- Cellular respiration releases energy stored in food.
- Food chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy.
- Autotrophs produce their own food; heterotrophs consume other organisms.
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Types of Autotrophs:
- Photoautotrophs: use sunlight (photosynthesis).
- Chemoautotrophs: derive energy from chemicals.
Nutrition Types
- Herbivores: consume plants.
- Carnivores: consume meat.
- Omnivores: consume both plants and animals.
Metabolism
- Metabolism comprises all chemical reactions that convert food into energy.
- Anabolism: building processes.
- Catabolism: breaking down processes.
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Respiration Types:
- Aerobic: requires oxygen.
- Anaerobic: does not require oxygen.
Homeostasis and Responses
- All organisms react to stimuli for survival and reproduction.
- Homeostasis maintains physiological balance and stability in the body.
- Changes can be physiological (automatic) or behavioral (intentional actions).
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of biology, focusing on the definition of living organisms and the structure of cells. You'll explore the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the components that make up living cells. Test your understanding of cellular concepts and terminology!
