Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the name of the collection of nerve roots that extend from the conus medullaris?
What is the name of the collection of nerve roots that extend from the conus medullaris?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacterial meningitis?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacterial meningitis?
Which of the following structures is the most intimate with the spinal cord?
Which of the following structures is the most intimate with the spinal cord?
Which of the following anatomical planes divides the body into equal left and right halves?
Which of the following anatomical planes divides the body into equal left and right halves?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the correct term for a collection of axons that share a common origin, termination, and function?
What is the correct term for a collection of axons that share a common origin, termination, and function?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a term used to describe a collection of neuronal cell bodies found deep within the brain?
Which of the following is a term used to describe a collection of neuronal cell bodies found deep within the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is responsible for insulating axons and speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses?
Which of the following is responsible for insulating axons and speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following describes the process by which axons cross from one side of the CNS to the other?
Which of the following describes the process by which axons cross from one side of the CNS to the other?
Signup and view all the answers
Which terms are used to specifically describe a collection of neuronal axons that run in a specific direction within the white matter?
Which terms are used to specifically describe a collection of neuronal axons that run in a specific direction within the white matter?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brainstem?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brainstem?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
What is the main difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of neurons?
Which of the following is a characteristic of neurons?
Signup and view all the answers
Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements of the eye?
Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements of the eye?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the 'fight-or-flight' response?
What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the 'fight-or-flight' response?
Signup and view all the answers
Where are the cell bodies of neurons located in the peripheral nervous system?
Where are the cell bodies of neurons located in the peripheral nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the thalamus?
What is the function of the thalamus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a function of the basal ganglia?
Which of the following is a function of the basal ganglia?
Signup and view all the answers
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for language and perception?
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for language and perception?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the major white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain?
What is the name of the major white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between afferent and efferent pathways?
What is the difference between afferent and efferent pathways?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the primary motor area of the brain?
What is the function of the primary motor area of the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the deep groove that divides the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?
What is the name of the deep groove that divides the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the diencephalon?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the diencephalon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the cerebellum?
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the area of the brain that is responsible for planning and language expression?
What is the name of the area of the brain that is responsible for planning and language expression?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of association fibers in the brain?
Which of the following is a characteristic of association fibers in the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between primary and secondary areas of the cortex?
What is the difference between primary and secondary areas of the cortex?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an example of a commissural pathway?
Which of the following is an example of a commissural pathway?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?
What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a characteristic of projection fibers?
Which of the following is a characteristic of projection fibers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about the brain stem is TRUE?
Which of the following statements about the brain stem is TRUE?
Signup and view all the answers
Flashcards
Spinal Region
Spinal Region
All neural structures contained within the vertebrae.
Neuron
Neuron
A nerve cell that communicates signals throughout the body.
Conus Medullaris
Conus Medullaris
The tapered end of the spinal cord located at L1/L2.
Cauda Equina
Cauda Equina
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neuroglia
Neuroglia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dorsal Roots
Dorsal Roots
Signup and view all the flashcards
Presynaptic Neuron
Presynaptic Neuron
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postsynaptic Neuron
Postsynaptic Neuron
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ventral Roots
Ventral Roots
Signup and view all the flashcards
Meninges
Meninges
Signup and view all the flashcards
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dura Mater
Dura Mater
Signup and view all the flashcards
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gray Matter
Gray Matter
Signup and view all the flashcards
Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Decussation
Decussation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Commissure
Commissure
Signup and view all the flashcards
Afferent
Afferent
Signup and view all the flashcards
Efferent
Efferent
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gyri and Sulci
Gyri and Sulci
Signup and view all the flashcards
Precentral Gyrus
Precentral Gyrus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Postcentral Gyrus
Postcentral Gyrus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Brodmann’s Area
Brodmann’s Area
Signup and view all the flashcards
Thalamus
Thalamus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Signup and view all the flashcards
Brain Stem
Brain Stem
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lesion
Lesion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Cells of the Nervous System
- Neurons: Specialized cells transmitting signals throughout the body.
- Have a soma (cell body), axon, and dendrites.
- Classified by the number of processes or neurotransmitter type.
- Neuroglia: Supporting cells, far more numerous than neurons.
- Macroglia: Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
- Microglia: Smaller than macroglia, immune cells.
- Ependymal cells: Line brain ventricles, involved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Synapse: Junction between neurons, where neurotransmitters transmit signals.
Communication between Neurons
- Presynaptic neuron: Sends the signal.
- Postsynaptic neuron: Receives the signal.
- Action potential (nerve impulse): Electrical signal traveling from cell to cell.
Divisions of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord. Encased by bone.
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial nerves (III-XII, exit skull), spinal nerves. Everything outside of bone (except cauda equina)
- Cranial Nerves (I & II): Remain entirely within the cranium.
- Cranial Nerves (III-XII): Exit the cranium to innervate facial, head, and neck structures.
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
- Somatic NS: Controls voluntary muscles.
- Autonomic NS: Controls involuntary functions (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands).
- Sympathetic: "Fight or flight" response, stress.
- Parasympathetic: "Rest and digest" response, non-stress.
Organizing Principles: Regions
- Brain: Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem.
- Cerebrum: Hemispheres, basal ganglia.
- Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus, located above brainstem.
- Cerebellum: Balance and coordination
- Brainstem: Midbrain, pons, medulla. Vital signs, cranial nerve origins.
- Spinal Region: Spinal cord, encased in vertebrae, conus medullaris and cauda equina, dorsal and ventral roots.
- Meninges: Protective layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
- Cerebrospinal fluid: Located in ventricles and subarachnoid space. Cushions, provides nutrients, removes waste.
Meningitis
- Definition: Inflammation of the meninges (membrane surrounding brain/spinal cord).
- Symptoms: Headache, fever, confusion and vomiting, neck stiffness. Pain increased by position changes and movements.
- Types: Viral (less serious) vs Bacterial (more serious).
Ventricles
- Definition: Pockets/spaces within the brain and spinal cord filled with CSF.
- Function: Cushions, provides nutrients, and removes waste.
Directions and Planes
- Transverse: Top-to-bottom (spinal cord).
- Frontal/Coronal: Front to back.
- Sagittal: Left to right.
- Midsagittal: Equal left/right halves
- Parasagittal: Unequal left/right halves
- Horizontal/Axial: Top-to-bottom (MRI)
- Oblique: Slanted
- Ventral/Dorsal: Bottom/Top
- Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back, Rostral/Caudal
White and Gray Matter
- Gray Matter: Neuron cell bodies, dendrites. Outer cortex, basal ganglia(deep within brain)
- Terminology: Nucleus, ganglia, cortex, column
- White Matter: Neuronal axons. Inner brain, tracts linking brain areas
- Myelin sheath: Axon insulation
- Terminology: Peduncle, pyramid, tract, fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, capsule, column
Tract, Pathway, Lemniscus, Fasciculus, Column, Peduncle, Capsule
- Definition: Bundles of axons.
Definitions
- Tracts: Axons with shared origin, termination, and function (spinothalamic tract = spine to thalamus).
- Decussation: Axons crossing the midline of CNS.
- Commissure: Axons crossing the midline to the corresponding area of the opposite side of the brain.
- Afferent: Towards the brain (sensory).
- Efferent: Outward from the brain (motor).
Regional Anatomy
- Cerebrum: Largest; two hemispheres connected by corpus callosum.
- Gyri and Sulci: Bumps and grooves (central sulcus, lateral fissure, longitudinal fissure).
- Lobes: Frontal (planning, speech), parietal (sensory), temporal (language, perception), occipital (vision).
- Cerebral Structures: Cortex, subcortical structures (white matter, basal ganglia, limbic system, internal capsule), diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus).
- Cerebral Cortex: Higher-order functions.
- Brodmann's Areas: 52 designated cortical locations.
- Primary and Association Areas: Receiving/sending impulses, further processing.
- Subcortical White Matter:
- Projection Fibers: Cortex to spinal cord, brainstem, basal ganglia, thalamus.
- Commissural Fibers: Connect homologous areas.
- Association Fibers: Connect regions within one hemisphere. Example optic radiations (thalamus to visual cortex); arcuate fasciculus (frontal to parietal/temporal).
- Diencephalon: Thalamus (relay station), hypothalamus (homeostasis), subthalamus (basal ganglia circuit), epithalamus (pineal gland).
- Basal Ganglia: Regulate movement.
- Cerebellum: Motor coordination.
- Brainstem: Vital functions, information relay.
Clinical Application
- Lesion: Brain damage, symptoms depend on location, time, and size. (Focal, multifocal, diffuse)
- Neurological Evaluation: History and examination.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the various cells that make up the nervous system, including neurons and neuroglia. This quiz covers their functions, classifications, and communication mechanisms between neurons. Explore both the central and peripheral nervous systems in detail.