Cells of the Nervous System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the collection of nerve roots that extend from the conus medullaris?

  • Ventral Root
  • Dorsal Root
  • Cauda Equina (correct)
  • Spinal Cord
  • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacterial meningitis?

  • Neck Stiffness
  • Headache
  • Usually milder than viral meningitis (correct)
  • Fever/Chills
  • Which of the following structures is the most intimate with the spinal cord?

  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Pia Mater (correct)
  • Which of the following anatomical planes divides the body into equal left and right halves?

    <p>Midsagittal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct term for a collection of axons that share a common origin, termination, and function?

    <p>Tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a term used to describe a collection of neuronal cell bodies found deep within the brain?

    <p>Ganglia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for insulating axons and speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses?

    <p>Myelin Sheath (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process by which axons cross from one side of the CNS to the other?

    <p>Decussation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which terms are used to specifically describe a collection of neuronal axons that run in a specific direction within the white matter?

    <p>Peduncle, Pyramid, Tract, Fasciculus, Funiculus, Leminiscus, Capsule, Column (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Providing a medium for brain and spinal cord development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>To regulate involuntary processes like heart rate, digestion, and breathing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brainstem?

    <p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes?

    <p>Schwann cells myelinate a single axon segment, while oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of neurons?

    <p>They transmit electrical and chemical signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements of the eye?

    <p>Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the 'fight-or-flight' response?

    <p>It stimulates the release of adrenaline, increasing heart rate and blood pressure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cell bodies of neurons located in the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Within the ganglia. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thalamus?

    <p>It is the primary relay center for sensory information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the basal ganglia?

    <p>Control and regulation of movements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the brain is responsible for language and perception?

    <p>Temporal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thalamus?

    <p>Relay station for sensory and motor information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the major white matter tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

    <p>Corpus callosum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between afferent and efferent pathways?

    <p>Afferent pathways carry information towards the CNS, while efferent pathways carry information away from the CNS. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the primary motor area of the brain?

    <p>Planning and execution of movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the deep groove that divides the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?

    <p>Lateral fissure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the diencephalon?

    <p>Basal ganglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Coordination, regulation, and modulation of movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the area of the brain that is responsible for planning and language expression?

    <p>Frontal lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of association fibers in the brain?

    <p>Connect regions within one hemisphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between primary and secondary areas of the cortex?

    <p>Primary areas receive information from the periphery, while secondary areas perform further processing of that information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>Control of voluntary movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a commissural pathway?

    <p>Corpus callosum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?

    <p>A sulcus is a depression, while a gyrus is a bump. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of projection fibers?

    <p>They connect the cortex to the spinal cord, brainstem, basal ganglia, and thalamus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the brain stem is TRUE?

    <p>It is involved in the regulation of vital functions such as breathing and heart rate. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Spinal Region

    All neural structures contained within the vertebrae.

    Neuron

    A nerve cell that communicates signals throughout the body.

    Conus Medullaris

    The tapered end of the spinal cord located at L1/L2.

    Cauda Equina

    Bundle of spinal nerves and spinal rootlets resembling a horse’s tail.

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    Neuroglia

    Supporting cells that far outnumber neurons.

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    Dorsal Roots

    Sensory nerve fibers entering the spinal cord from the body.

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    Presynaptic Neuron

    The first neuron that contains information to be sent.

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    Postsynaptic Neuron

    The second neuron that receives information.

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    Ventral Roots

    Motor nerve fibers exiting the spinal cord to the body.

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    Meninges

    Three protective membranes covering the spinal cord and brain.

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    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    Comprises the brain, cranial nerves I-II, and spinal cord.

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    Dura Mater

    The thick, tough outer layer of the meninges.

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    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    Includes 31 paired spinal nerves and cranial nerves III-XII.

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    Somatic Nervous System

    Controls voluntary muscles and innervates the body.

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    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    Fluid produced in ventricles, cushioning and nourishing the CNS.

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    Gray Matter

    Tissue primarily made of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites, mostly found in outer areas of the brain.

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    Autonomic Nervous System

    Involuntary system controlling smooth and cardiac muscles.

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    Decussation

    Crossing of axons from one side of the CNS to the other.

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    Commissure

    Axons that cross midline from one area of the CNS to the opposite side.

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    Afferent

    Nerve signals that travel towards the brain and CNS, usually sensory information.

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    Efferent

    Signals that travel outward from the brain and CNS, primarily for voluntary movements.

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    Cerebrum

    The largest area of the brain consisting of two hemispheres, responsible for higher brain functions.

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    Gyri and Sulci

    Gyri are the bumps and sulci are the grooves on the surface of the cerebral cortex.

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    Precentral Gyrus

    Part of the frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary motor control.

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    Postcentral Gyrus

    Part of the parietal lobe, responsible for processing sensory information.

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    Brodmann’s Area

    52 designated cortical locations mapped based on histology and function.

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    Thalamus

    The brain's relay station that directs sensory and motor signals.

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    Hypothalamus

    Regulates homeostasis, temperature, and emotional behaviors; connects to the endocrine system.

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    Basal Ganglia

    A group of nuclei that helps to control and regulate movements.

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    Cerebellum

    The small brain that coordinates voluntary movements and maintains posture.

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    Brain Stem

    Controls vital functions and conveys messages between the brain and spinal cord.

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    Lesion

    Any damage to the brain; effects depend on the location, time, and size of damage.

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    Study Notes

    Cells of the Nervous System

    • Neurons: Specialized cells transmitting signals throughout the body.
      • Have a soma (cell body), axon, and dendrites.
      • Classified by the number of processes or neurotransmitter type.
    • Neuroglia: Supporting cells, far more numerous than neurons.
      • Macroglia: Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.
      • Microglia: Smaller than macroglia, immune cells.
      • Ependymal cells: Line brain ventricles, involved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
    • Synapse: Junction between neurons, where neurotransmitters transmit signals.

    Communication between Neurons

    • Presynaptic neuron: Sends the signal.
    • Postsynaptic neuron: Receives the signal.
    • Action potential (nerve impulse): Electrical signal traveling from cell to cell.

    Divisions of the Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord. Encased by bone.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Cranial nerves (III-XII, exit skull), spinal nerves. Everything outside of bone (except cauda equina)
    • Cranial Nerves (I & II): Remain entirely within the cranium.
    • Cranial Nerves (III-XII): Exit the cranium to innervate facial, head, and neck structures.

    Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

    • Somatic NS: Controls voluntary muscles.
    • Autonomic NS: Controls involuntary functions (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands).
      • Sympathetic: "Fight or flight" response, stress.
      • Parasympathetic: "Rest and digest" response, non-stress.

    Organizing Principles: Regions

    • Brain: Cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem.
    • Cerebrum: Hemispheres, basal ganglia.
      • Diencephalon: Thalamus, hypothalamus, located above brainstem.
      • Cerebellum: Balance and coordination
      • Brainstem: Midbrain, pons, medulla. Vital signs, cranial nerve origins.
    • Spinal Region: Spinal cord, encased in vertebrae, conus medullaris and cauda equina, dorsal and ventral roots.
    • Meninges: Protective layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
    • Cerebrospinal fluid: Located in ventricles and subarachnoid space. Cushions, provides nutrients, removes waste.

    Meningitis

    • Definition: Inflammation of the meninges (membrane surrounding brain/spinal cord).
      • Symptoms: Headache, fever, confusion and vomiting, neck stiffness. Pain increased by position changes and movements.
      • Types: Viral (less serious) vs Bacterial (more serious).

    Ventricles

    • Definition: Pockets/spaces within the brain and spinal cord filled with CSF.
    • Function: Cushions, provides nutrients, and removes waste.

    Directions and Planes

    • Transverse: Top-to-bottom (spinal cord).
    • Frontal/Coronal: Front to back.
    • Sagittal: Left to right.
      • Midsagittal: Equal left/right halves
      • Parasagittal: Unequal left/right halves
    • Horizontal/Axial: Top-to-bottom (MRI)
    • Oblique: Slanted
    • Ventral/Dorsal: Bottom/Top
    • Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back, Rostral/Caudal

    White and Gray Matter

    • Gray Matter: Neuron cell bodies, dendrites. Outer cortex, basal ganglia(deep within brain)
      • Terminology: Nucleus, ganglia, cortex, column
    • White Matter: Neuronal axons. Inner brain, tracts linking brain areas
      • Myelin sheath: Axon insulation
      • Terminology: Peduncle, pyramid, tract, fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, capsule, column

    Tract, Pathway, Lemniscus, Fasciculus, Column, Peduncle, Capsule

    • Definition: Bundles of axons.

    Definitions

    • Tracts: Axons with shared origin, termination, and function (spinothalamic tract = spine to thalamus).
    • Decussation: Axons crossing the midline of CNS.
    • Commissure: Axons crossing the midline to the corresponding area of the opposite side of the brain.
    • Afferent: Towards the brain (sensory).
    • Efferent: Outward from the brain (motor).

    Regional Anatomy

    • Cerebrum: Largest; two hemispheres connected by corpus callosum.
      • Gyri and Sulci: Bumps and grooves (central sulcus, lateral fissure, longitudinal fissure).
      • Lobes: Frontal (planning, speech), parietal (sensory), temporal (language, perception), occipital (vision).
    • Cerebral Structures: Cortex, subcortical structures (white matter, basal ganglia, limbic system, internal capsule), diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus).
    • Cerebral Cortex: Higher-order functions.
      • Brodmann's Areas: 52 designated cortical locations.
      • Primary and Association Areas: Receiving/sending impulses, further processing.
    • Subcortical White Matter:
      • Projection Fibers: Cortex to spinal cord, brainstem, basal ganglia, thalamus.
      • Commissural Fibers: Connect homologous areas.
      • Association Fibers: Connect regions within one hemisphere. Example optic radiations (thalamus to visual cortex); arcuate fasciculus (frontal to parietal/temporal).
    • Diencephalon: Thalamus (relay station), hypothalamus (homeostasis), subthalamus (basal ganglia circuit), epithalamus (pineal gland).
    • Basal Ganglia: Regulate movement.
    • Cerebellum: Motor coordination.
    • Brainstem: Vital functions, information relay.

    Clinical Application

    • Lesion: Brain damage, symptoms depend on location, time, and size. (Focal, multifocal, diffuse)
    • Neurological Evaluation: History and examination.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various cells that make up the nervous system, including neurons and neuroglia. This quiz covers their functions, classifications, and communication mechanisms between neurons. Explore both the central and peripheral nervous systems in detail.

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