Cells: Classification and Functions Flashcards

Cell Basics

• Cells: The fundamental unit of life; all living organisms are composed of cells.
• Tissues: Collections of similar cells that perform a specific function.
• Organs: Composed of multiple tissues working together to carry out related tasks.

Cell Types

• Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus. Smaller and simpler in structure, primarily found in bacteria.
• Eukaryotic Cells: Contain a nucleus housing DNA. More complex with specialized organelles; examples include animal, plant, fungi, and protist cells.

Organelles and Their Functions

• Organelle: A specialized subunit within a cell with specific functions.
• Nucleus: Stores DNA and regulates cell activities; features pores for molecule exchange.
• Ribosome: Synthesizes proteins by translating RNA into polypeptide chains; essential for producing hormones aiding in homeostasis.
• Mitochondria: Generates ATP by converting sugar into energy; characterized by a folding inner structure.
• Chloroplast: Performs photosynthesis, converting CO2 and water into sugar, exclusively found in plant cells; contains chlorophyll.
• Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier regulating material entry/exit; composed of lipids and proteins, involved in cell signaling.
• Cell Wall: Provides structural support and protection to plant cells; consists of complex carbohydrates.
• Lysosome: Digestive organelle containing enzymes to break down waste and damaged components.
• Vacuole: Storage organelle holding food, water, and waste; particularly large in plant cells.
• Golgi Apparatus: Processes and packages proteins into vesicles for cellular transport.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Site of protein folding; rough ER is studded with ribosomes, indicating protein synthesis.
• Cytoplasm: Gel-like fluid facilitating the movement of materials and organelles, containing salts and nutrients for cellular function.

Microscopes

• Compound Microscope: Tool for examining microscopic objects not visible to the naked eye, essential for cell study.