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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
What is the term for the process of breeding organisms with specific traits to produce offspring with those traits?
What is the term for a gene that is always expressed when an organism has one copy of the allele?
What is the term for the process of change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time?
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What is the term for the remains or imprints of ancient organisms?
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Which organelle is responsible for generating energy for the cell through the process of cellular respiration?
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What is the purpose of a Punnett Square in genetics?
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What is the term for the variation in the characteristics of individuals within a population?
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What is the process by which an organism becomes better suited to its environment?
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What is the term for the scientific principle that explains how living organisms have changed over time?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology and Genetics
- Cell theory: fundamental concept in biology that explains the structure, function, and behavior of cells
- Virus: a small infectious agent that replicates inside the cells of an organism
- Gene: a unit of heredity that carries information from one generation to the next
- Chromosome: a thread-like structure made up of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information
- Allele: a different form of a gene that occupies the same position on a chromosome
- Mutation: a change in the DNA sequence of an organism
- Mutagen: an agent that increases the frequency of mutations
- Selective breeding: the process of choosing which individuals to breed based on their traits
- Genetic engineering: the manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology
- GMO: a genetically modified organism
- Gene therapy: the use of genes to treat or prevent diseases
Cell Structure and Function
- Plant cells: have cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole
- Animal cells: have no cell walls, no chloroplasts, and a smaller central vacuole
- Organelles:
- DNA: contains genetic information
- Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell
- Ribosome: produces proteins
- Chloroplast: responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells
- Cell membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Cell wall: provides support and protection in plant cells
Reproduction and Heredity
- Sexual reproduction: involves two parents, resulting in offspring that are genetically unique
- Asexual reproduction: involves one parent, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical
- Punnett Square: a diagram used to predict the probability of certain traits in offspring
- Dominant and recessive traits: dominant traits are always expressed, while recessive traits are only expressed when paired with another recessive trait
Evolution and Adaptations
- Scientific theory: a well-substantiated explanation for a set of phenomena
- Scientific law: a statement that describes a pattern or relationship in nature
- Scientific evidence: observations and data that support a scientific theory or law
- Relative dating: determines the age of a fossil or rock layer relative to others
- Absolute dating: determines the exact age of a fossil or rock layer
- Fossil: the remains or imprints of ancient organisms
- Fossil record: the collection of fossils found in rock layers
- Biodiversity: the variety of different species, ecosystems, and genes
- Extinct: a species that has died out
- Mass extinction: the sudden disappearance of a large number of species
- Trait: a characteristic or feature of an organism
- Population: a group of organisms that interbreed and share a common gene pool
- Genetic variation: the differences in genes and traits among individuals in a population
- Natural selection: the process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
- Evolution: the change in the genetic makeup of a population over time
- Adaptation: a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment
Cell Biology and Genetics
- Cell theory: fundamental concept in biology that explains the structure, function, and behavior of cells
- Virus: a small infectious agent that replicates inside the cells of an organism
- Gene: a unit of heredity that carries information from one generation to the next
- Chromosome: a thread-like structure made up of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information
- Allele: a different form of a gene that occupies the same position on a chromosome
- Mutation: a change in the DNA sequence of an organism
- Mutagen: an agent that increases the frequency of mutations
- Selective breeding: the process of choosing which individuals to breed based on their traits
- Genetic engineering: the manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology
- GMO: a genetically modified organism
- Gene therapy: the use of genes to treat or prevent diseases
Cell Structure and Function
- Plant cells: have cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole
- Animal cells: have no cell walls, no chloroplasts, and a smaller central vacuole
- Organelles:
- DNA: contains genetic information
- Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell
- Ribosome: produces proteins
- Chloroplast: responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells
- Cell membrane: regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Cell wall: provides support and protection in plant cells
Reproduction and Heredity
- Sexual reproduction: involves two parents, resulting in offspring that are genetically unique
- Asexual reproduction: involves one parent, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical
- Punnett Square: a diagram used to predict the probability of certain traits in offspring
- Dominant and recessive traits: dominant traits are always expressed, while recessive traits are only expressed when paired with another recessive trait
Evolution and Adaptations
- Scientific theory: a well-substantiated explanation for a set of phenomena
- Scientific law: a statement that describes a pattern or relationship in nature
- Scientific evidence: observations and data that support a scientific theory or law
- Relative dating: determines the age of a fossil or rock layer relative to others
- Absolute dating: determines the exact age of a fossil or rock layer
- Fossil: the remains or imprints of ancient organisms
- Fossil record: the collection of fossils found in rock layers
- Biodiversity: the variety of different species, ecosystems, and genes
- Extinct: a species that has died out
- Mass extinction: the sudden disappearance of a large number of species
- Trait: a characteristic or feature of an organism
- Population: a group of organisms that interbreed and share a common gene pool
- Genetic variation: the differences in genes and traits among individuals in a population
- Natural selection: the process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce
- Evolution: the change in the genetic makeup of a population over time
- Adaptation: a trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment
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Description
Test your knowledge of cells and genetics concepts, including cell theory, genetics terminology, and cellular organelles. Covers topics like sexual and asexual reproduction, Punnett Squares, and genetic engineering.
