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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
What is the term for the process by which water moves through a plant, from the roots to the leaves, and is then released into the air as water vapor?
What is the term for the 'building blocks of life', which are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms?
What is the process by which an organism's genetic information is passed from one generation to the next?
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What is the term for the process by which an organism's physical environment selects for specific traits or characteristics?
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What is the term for the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?
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What is the term for the process by which bacteria resist the effects of antibiotics?
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What is the term for the study of the structure, behavior, and evolution of the universe?
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What is the term for the process by which an organism's genetic information is changed, resulting in a new trait or characteristic?
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What is the term for the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy?
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Study Notes
Genetics
- DNA Structure: Double helix, nucleotides (A, C, G, T), hydrogen bonding
- Genetic Code: 3-nucleotide codons, 64 possible combinations, codes for 20 amino acids
- Genotype vs. Phenotype: Genotype (genetic makeup) vs. Phenotype (physical expression)
- Mendelian Inheritance: Laws of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
- Genetic Variation: Mutations, genetic recombination, gene flow, genetic drift
Cell Biology
- Cell Structure: Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles (mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.)
- Cellular Transport: Passive (diffusion, osmosis), active (pumps, transport proteins)
- Cell Division: Mitosis (somatic cells), meiosis (gametes)
- Cell Signaling: Receptors, signal transduction pathways, response to stimuli
- Cellular Metabolism: Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, ATP production
Evolution
- Theory of Evolution: Descent with modification, natural selection, speciation
- Mechanisms of Evolution: Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, natural selection
- Evidence for Evolution: Fossil record, comparative anatomy, molecular biology
- Types of Evolution: Microevolution (within species), macroevolution (between species)
- Evolutionary Processes: Adaptation, coevolution, convergent evolution
Ecology
- Ecosystem Components: Biotic (living), abiotic (non-living), interactions between components
- Energy Flow: Producers, consumers, decomposers, energy pyramids
- Nutrient Cycles: Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, water, nutrient limitation
- Population Ecology: Population growth, density dependence, population dynamics
- Community Ecology: Species interactions, predator-prey dynamics, symbiosis
Microbiology
- Microorganism Types: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, archaea
- Microbial Structure: Cell walls, capsules, flagella, pili
- Microbial Metabolism: Fermentation, respiration, photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation
- Microbial Growth: Binary fission, budding, sporulation, growth curves
- Microbial Interactions: Symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, pathogenesis
Genetics
- DNA Structure: Double helix model consists of nucleotides (A, C, G, T) paired by hydrogen bonding
- Genetic Code: 3-nucleotide codons allow for 64 possible combinations, coding for 20 amino acids
- Genotype vs. Phenotype: Genotype refers to an organism's genetic makeup, while phenotype describes its physical expression
- Mendelian Inheritance: Laws of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance govern the inheritance of traits
- Genetic Variation: Mutations, genetic recombination, gene flow, and genetic drift contribute to genetic variation within populations
Cell Biology
- Cell Structure: Plasma membrane surrounds cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles (mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.)
- Cellular Transport: Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (pumps, transport proteins) facilitate molecule movement
- Cell Division: Mitosis produces somatic cells, while meiosis produces gametes
- Cell Signaling: Receptors trigger signal transduction pathways, eliciting responses to stimuli
- Cellular Metabolism: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration produce ATP, fueling cellular activities
Evolution
- Theory of Evolution: Descent with modification through natural selection and speciation explains the diversity of life
- Mechanisms of Evolution: Mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection drive evolutionary change
- Evidence for Evolution: Fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology provide evidence for evolution
- Types of Evolution: Microevolution occurs within species, while macroevolution occurs between species
- Evolutionary Processes: Adaptation, coevolution, and convergent evolution shape the evolution of species
Ecology
- Ecosystem Components: Biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components interact within ecosystems
- Energy Flow: Producers, consumers, and decomposers participate in energy pyramids, with energy losses at each trophic level
- Nutrient Cycles: Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, water, and other nutrients cycle through ecosystems, with nutrient limitation affecting ecosystem function
- Population Ecology: Population growth is influenced by density dependence, and population dynamics are shaped by birth and death rates
- Community Ecology: Species interactions, including predator-prey dynamics and symbiosis, define community structure and function
Microbiology
- Microorganism Types: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, and archaea are the primary types of microorganisms
- Microbial Structure: Cell walls, capsules, flagella, and pili are important structural components of microorganisms
- Microbial Metabolism: Fermentation, respiration, photosynthesis, and nitrogen fixation are key metabolic processes in microorganisms
- Microbial Growth: Binary fission, budding, sporulation, and growth curves characterize microbial growth patterns
- Microbial Interactions: Symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and pathogenesis describe the diverse interactions between microorganisms and their environments
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Description
Test your knowledge of DNA structure, genetic code, Mendelian inheritance, and cell biology concepts. Topics include genotype vs. phenotype, genetic variation, and cell structure
