Questions and Answers
What are Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors?
What are the examples of Penicillins?
Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Methicillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Amoxicillin (Clavamox, Augmentin), Azlocillin, Mezlocillin, Ticarcillin (Timentin)
What is the primary effect of Penicillins?
Cidal
What is the spectrum of Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Methicillin, and Oxacillin?
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What is the spectrum of Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, and Amoxicillin?
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What is the spectrum of Azlocillin, Mezlocillin, and Ticarcillin?
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What is the method of action for Penicillins?
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What are Cephalosporins?
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What is the primary effect of Cephalosporins?
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What is the spectrum of Cephalosporins?
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What do Cephalosporins contain?
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How do you identify Cephalosporins based on their names?
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What is the primary effect of Vancomycin?
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What is the spectrum of Vancomycin?
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What is the mechanism of action for Vancomycin?
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What is Isoniazid primarily used for?
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What are the effects of Isoniazid based on bacterial activity?
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What is the spectrum of Isoniazid?
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What is the mechanism of action for Isoniazid?
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Isoniazids are often given with what other drug?
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What are Protein Synthesis Inhibitors?
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What are examples of Aminoglycosides?
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What is the spectrum of Neomycin, Kanamycin, and Gentamicin?
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What is the primary effect of Aminoglycosides?
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What is the mechanism of action for Aminoglycosides?
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Study Notes
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
- Include Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Vancomycin, and Isoniazids.
Penicillins
- Class includes Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Methicillin, Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, Amoxicillin (Clavamox, Augmentin), Azlocillin, Mezlocillin, and Ticarcillin (Timentin).
- Primary effect is cidal (bactericidal).
- Penicillin G, V, Methicillin, Oxacillin, and Cloxacillin have a narrow spectrum, effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
- Ampicillin, Carbenicillin, and Amoxicillin have a broad spectrum, effective against Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.
- Azlocillin, Mezlocillin, and Ticarcillin exhibit a very broad spectrum, working against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas.
- Mechanism involves inhibition of transpeptidation in peptidoglycan synthesis and activation of cell wall lytic enzymes.
- Known as B-Lactam antibiotics and often combined with clavulanic acid for enhanced effect.
Cephalosporins
- Includes Cephalothin, Cefoxitin, Cefaperazone, Ceftriaxone, Cephalexin, and Cefotaxime.
- Primary effect is cidal (bactericidal).
- Broad spectrum, targeting both Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.
- Mechanism mirrors Penicillins by inhibiting transpeptidation and activating lytic enzymes.
- Possess a B-lactam ring and commonly start with the "ceph" prefix.
Vancomycin
- Includes Vancomycin and Virginiamycin.
- Primary effect is cidal (bactericidal).
- Narrow spectrum, primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
- Mechanism involves inhibiting transpeptidation by binding to amino acids at a different site than penicillins.
Isoniazid
- Drug name is Isoniazid.
- Primary effect is cidal if bacteria are actively growing; static for dormant bacteria.
- Narrow spectrum, particularly effective against mycobacterial infections.
- Mechanism of action is unclear but believed to inhibit lipid synthesis, especially mycolic acids.
- Often administered with Rifampin to enhance efficacy.
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
- Include Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Chloramphenicol, and Oxazolidones.
Aminoglycosides
- Includes Neomycin, Kanamycin, and Gentamicin.
- Broad spectrum, effective against Gram-negative bacteria and mycobacteria.
- Streptomycin has a narrow spectrum, targeting aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.
- Primary effect is cidal (bactericidal).
- Mechanism of action involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA.
Tetracyclines
- Includes Tetracycline, Oxytetracycline, Chlortetracycline, and Doxycycline.
- Primary effect is static (bacteriostatic).
- Broad spectrum, effective against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, rickettsia, and chlamydia.
- Mechanism involves preventing Aminoacyl-tRNA binding.
Macrolides
- Include Erythromycin, Clindamycin, and Azithromycin.
- Primary effect is static (bacteriostatic).
- Broad spectrum, effective against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria.
- Mechanism prevents translocation during protein synthesis.
Chloramphenicol
- Drug name is Chloramphenicol.
- Primary effect is static (bacteriostatic).
- Broad spectrum, effective against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, rickettsia, and chlamydia.
- Mechanism involves preventing transpeptidation during protein synthesis.
Oxazolidones
- Include Linezolid.
- Primary effect is static (bacteriostatic).
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell wall synthesis inhibitors including Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Vancomycin, and Isoniazids. This quiz covers their types, mechanisms, and effectiveness against various bacteria. Challenge yourself to identify the different classes and their specific features.
