Cell Types and Modifications

What is the primary function of motile cilia in the human respiratory system?

Which type of cell modification is NOT a characteristic of animal cells?

Which of the following is a main difference between plant and animal tissues?

What defines a tissue in biological terms?

In which of the following organs would you most likely find non-motile cilia?

What is the primary function of flagella in bacterial cells?

Which type of flagellation features flagella at both ends of the cell?

What distinguishes the motion of cilia from that of flagella?

What is the primary function of microvilli in epithelial cells?

Which structure is primarily responsible for locomotion in protists like Paramecium?

What are trichomes primarily associated with?

In which of the following places would microvilli NOT typically be found?

Which type of flagellation describes bacteria that have flagella distributed all over their surface?

Cell Types and Modifications

Tissues are groups of cells with a common origin, similar structure, and specific functions.
Plant and animal tissues significantly differ in composition and characteristics.
Cells can be modified in various ways to perform specialized functions.

Cell Modifications

Cilia: Slender projections from the cell body, categorized into two types:
- Motile Cilia:
  - Present on cell surface in large numbers.
  - Beat in coordinated waves.
  - Example functions: lining of trachea and fallopian tubes.
- Non-motile Cilia: Act as sensory receptors in organs like eyes and nose.
Functions of Cilia:
- Mechanoreceptors: Monitor fluid flow in kidney tubules.
- Chemoreceptors: Detect odors.
- Photoreceptors: Located in the outer segment of rods in the retina.
- In protists (like Paramecium), cilia aid in locomotion.
Flagella: Tail-like structures used for locomotion found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Types of flagellation:
  - Monopolar: Flagellum at one end of the cell.
  - Bipolar: Flagella at both ends.
  - Peritrichous: Flagella distributed around the cell surface.
Differences Between Flagella and Cilia:
- Eukaryotic flagella and motile cilia have identical ultrastructure.
- Flagella exhibit propeller-like motion (e.g., sperm), while cilia beat in a coordinated back-and-forth motion.
Microvilli: Microscopic extensions that increase surface area for absorption.
- Key functions include enhancing absorption in:
  - Small intestines.
  - Kidney proximal tubules.
  - Sensory cells of the inner ear (stereocilia).
  - Taste bud cells.
Trichomes: Hair-like extensions with varying size and shape based on function, which may serve for:
- Absorption.
- Protection.
- Support.
- Types include multicellular and glandular trichomes, with glandular ones secreting substances.

This quiz explores different types of cells in plant and animal tissues, focusing on their classification and functions. Additionally, it covers various cell modifications like cilia, flagella, and microvilli that enable specialized functions. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in biology!