Podcast
Questions and Answers
Considering the endosymbiotic theory, which of the following is the MOST significant implication regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cells?
Considering the endosymbiotic theory, which of the following is the MOST significant implication regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cells?
- The capacity for photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells originated from engulfed cyanobacteria-like prokaryotes. (correct)
- The complexity of eukaryotic cells is solely attributable to the combination of different archaeal cells.
- Eukaryotic cells developed independently from prokaryotic cells through gradual accumulation of mutations.
- Eukaryotic cells predate prokaryotic cells, establishing themselves as the initial form of life on Earth.
If a cell maintains a constant volume despite being immersed in a hypotonic solution, which cellular component is MOST likely malfunctioning?
If a cell maintains a constant volume despite being immersed in a hypotonic solution, which cellular component is MOST likely malfunctioning?
- The vacuole's osmoregulatory function. (correct)
- The cell membrane's selective permeability.
- The cell wall's rigidity and support.
- The cytoskeleton's structural integrity.
A newly discovered unicellular organism is found to thrive in extremely anaerobic conditions and lacks any internal membrane-bound organelles. Based on this information, to which domain does this organism MOST likely belong?
A newly discovered unicellular organism is found to thrive in extremely anaerobic conditions and lacks any internal membrane-bound organelles. Based on this information, to which domain does this organism MOST likely belong?
- Eukarya, given its unicellular nature.
- Eukarya, as it contains organisms adapted to extreme environments.
- Bacteria or Archaea, because they lack membrane-bound organelles. (correct)
- Bacteria, due to its preference for anaerobic environments.
An experiment reveals that a particular cell type can efficiently detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). Which organelle is MOST likely enriched in this cell type?
An experiment reveals that a particular cell type can efficiently detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS). Which organelle is MOST likely enriched in this cell type?
Which of the following cellular processes is MOST directly impaired by the disruption of the Golgi apparatus?
Which of the following cellular processes is MOST directly impaired by the disruption of the Golgi apparatus?
If a mutation disables the ability of a cell to produce functional ribosomes, which cellular process will be MOST immediately affected?
If a mutation disables the ability of a cell to produce functional ribosomes, which cellular process will be MOST immediately affected?
In comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which statement regarding their DNA organization is MOST accurate?
In comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which statement regarding their DNA organization is MOST accurate?
After treatment with a specific drug, a eukaryotic cell exhibits a significant reduction in its ability to transport molecules across the nuclear envelope. Which structure is MOST likely affected by this drug?
After treatment with a specific drug, a eukaryotic cell exhibits a significant reduction in its ability to transport molecules across the nuclear envelope. Which structure is MOST likely affected by this drug?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of the cell membrane in maintaining cellular homeostasis?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of the cell membrane in maintaining cellular homeostasis?
If a researcher observes that a cell is actively synthesizing lipids, which organelle is MOST likely playing a significant role?
If a researcher observes that a cell is actively synthesizing lipids, which organelle is MOST likely playing a significant role?
Flashcards
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
Every living thing is made of cells, metabolic reactions occur within cells, cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells contain DNA to transmit.
Unicellular
Unicellular
Organisms made of a single cell that performs all life functions.
Multicellular
Multicellular
Organisms composed of many cells, like humans, with specialized functions.
Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane
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Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
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Cytosol
Cytosol
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DNA and RNA
DNA and RNA
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Enzymes, proteins and biomolecules
Enzymes, proteins and biomolecules
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
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Study Notes
- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek made the first microscope.
- Robert Hooke discovered and named the cell.
- Eduard Strasburger observed a plant cell in mitosis.
Cell Theory
- All living things are made up of cells.
- Metabolic reactions occur in cells.
- All cells come from other cells that have divided.
- The cell contains DNA to transmit.
Cell Classification by Number
- Unicellular organisms are composed of a single cell that does all the work, like microorganisms and bacteria.
- Multicellular organisms are composed of many cells, like humans with 37.2 trillion cells divided into 230 different types.
Cellular Diversity
- Cells exist in different sizes and shapes that depend on their function.
- Some cells do not have a fixed shape and must change to fulfill their function.
Cell Scale
- 1 meter = 10³ mm = 100 μm = 10° nm.
Common Characteristics of Cells
- All cells contain the following inside:
- Cellular or plasma membrane separates and communicates with the interior, allowing nutrients to pass or stay out and receive information from other cells.
- Cytoplasm contains everything inside the cell, like organelles or the cytosol.
- Cytosol is a watery gel where there are no organelles but large molecules, consisting of what remains between the membrane and the organelles.
- DNA and RNA are genetic material that transmits inheritance, with RNA expressing the information of DNA.
- Enzymes, proteins, and biomolecules: They allow the functioning of the cell and provide energy.
Structural Complexity Classification
- Prokaryotes have a simple and unicellular structure, including bacteria and archaea.
- Their DNA is free without a nucleus, and they have no organelles or cell wall; some do not need oxygen.
- Eukaryotes have a complex and pluricellular structure, including animals, fungi, plants, and yeast.
- Their DNA is in a nucleus and always requires oxygen.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes
- Do not have a nucleus or organelles.
- Have a cell wall.
- Are unicellular organisms.
- Divide by binary fission.
- Obtain energy through autotrophic or heterotrophic methods.
- Can have an aerobic or anaerobic metabolism.
Eukaryotes
- Have a nucleus and organelles.
- Plants and fungi have a cell wall.
- Can be unicellular or multicellular.
- Divide by mitosis and meiosis.
- Obtain energy through autotrophic or heterotrophic methods.
- Have an aerobic metabolism.
Prokaryotic Organisms
- The most diverse in forms and functions; some can perform photosynthesis and grow or shrink depending on the presence of oxygen.
- Can use any food and live in extreme conditions.
Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
- Plasma membrane.
- Nucleus
- Cytoplasm.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum.
- Golgi Apparatus.
- Vesicles.
- Lysosomes.
- Mitochondria.
- Peroxisomes.
Main Functions of Membrane Compartments
- Cytosol contains many pathways, and free ribosomes perform the synthesis of some proteins.
- Nucleus: DNA and RNA synthesis occurs.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes most lipids and ribosome-attached proteins, storing calcium.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, classifies, and packages proteins towards other organelles.
- Mitochondria: Energy (ATP) is produced.
- Lysosome: Intracellular digestion.
- Endosomes: Classification of endocytosed material.
- Peroxisomes.
- Vesicles: transcellular transport
- Chloroplasts (plant cells): Synthesizes ATP and performs photosynthesis.
Eukaryotic Animal and Plant Cells
Animal Cell
- No cell wall.
- No chloroplasts.
- No vacuoles or only a small vacuoles.
- Never has starch granules but sometimes has glycogen.
- Generally has an irregular shape.
Plant Cell
- A cell wall outside the plasma membrane.
- Frequently has chloroplasts
- Has a large vacuole.
- Frequently has starch granules.
- General has a regular shape.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts in Plant Cells
- These two organelles were originally bacteria that entered a cell and evolved with it, benefiting both.
Endosymbiotic Theory by Lynn Margullius in 1969
- This explains the bacterial origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
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