Cell Theory and Spontaneous Generation
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Questions and Answers

What is one potential application of gene editing in agriculture?

  • Treating HIV
  • Preventing opportunistic infections
  • Creating crops with desirable traits (correct)
  • Curing genetic disorders

    • HIV can be transmitted through saliva.

    False

    What does ART stand for in the context of HIV treatment?

    Antiretroviral therapy

    HIV attacks the _____ cells, which are essential for the immune system's functioning.

    <p>CD4+ T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to HIV with their descriptions:

    <p>HIV = A virus that attacks the immune system CD4+ T cells = Type of white blood cell targeted by HIV AIDS = Final stage of HIV infection Art = Treatment that lowers viral load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cell theory state about all living organisms?

    <p>All living organisms are made up of one or more cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spontaneous generation is a widely accepted and proven hypothesis in biology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the conclusion of Louis Pasteur's experiment regarding microorganisms?

    <p>Microorganisms come from pre-existing microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ contains genetic material and controls cell activities.

    <p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the organelles with their functions:

    <p>Mitochondria = Produces energy (ATP) Chloroplasts = Perform photosynthesis Ribosomes = Synthesize proteins Golgi Apparatus = Modifies and packages proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the controlled variable in an experiment?

    <p>The variable that is kept constant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Francesco Redi's experiment proved that maggots could arise spontaneously from meat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Break down waste and cellular debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

    <p>Responsible for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Centrosomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do peroxisomes play in the cell?

    <p>Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ provides structure and rigidity to plant cells.

    <p>cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their functions:

    <p>Cytoskeleton = Provides structure, shape, and supports movement Centrosomes = Organizes microtubules during cell division Cell Culture = Studies cell behavior in a lab setting PCR = Technique for studying genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the six points of the cell as an open system?

    <p>Repetition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mitosis and meiosis are processes that enable cells to reproduce.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the manipulated variable in an experiment testing the effect of light intensity on plant growth?

    <p>light intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    HeLa cells are known to have a limited lifespan when grown in culture.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organelle is responsible for digesting waste materials in animal cells?

    <p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ provides structural support and protection in plant cells.

    <p>Cell Wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organelles with their functions:

    <p>Ribosomes = Protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus = Packages proteins for export Endoplasmic Reticulum = Synthesizes and transports proteins Chloroplasts = Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The large central vacuole in plant cells helps maintain turgor pressure.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant contribution of HeLa cells to medical research?

    <p>Development of vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses?

    <p>Require a host cell to replicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stem cells can only differentiate into one type of cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stem cells are found in early-stage embryos?

    <p>Embryonic Stem Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CRISPR-Cas9 is a widely used _________ technology.

    <p>gene editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about adult stem cells is true?

    <p>They are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can have an outer lipid envelope.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a virus that is an example of a virus discussed.

    <p>Flu virus, coronavirus, or HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the stem cell types with their descriptions:

    <p>Embryonic Stem Cells = Can differentiate into almost any cell type Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells = Can differentiate into a limited number of cell types Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) = Adult cells reprogrammed to act like embryonic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a responding (dependent) variable?

    <p>A factor that changes as a result of the manipulated variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total magnification is calculated by multiplying the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnification.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for estimating specimen size using the field of view (FOV)?

    <p>Estimating specimen size = FOV diameter ÷ number of specimens across</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the formula A = I × M, A represents the _____ size.

    <p>Actual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of cell with its characteristic:

    <p>Prokaryotes = Single-celled organisms like bacteria. Eukaryotes = Can be multicellular organisms like plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the image size is 200 µm and the magnification is 400x, what is the actual size of the specimen?

    <p>0.5 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotes are typically larger than eukaryotes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diameter of the field of view at 100x magnification is calculated using the formula M1D1 = M2D2. If D1 is _____ mm at 40x magnification, what is D2 at 100x magnification when M1 is 40x?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Theory

    • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
    • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

    Spontaneous Generation

    • Spontaneous generation is the outdated and disproven theory that living organisms can arise from non-living matter.

    Pasteur's Experiment

    • Pasteur conducted an experiment using swan-necked flasks to disprove spontaneous generation.
    • He boiled broth to kill any existing microbes.
    • Only when exposed to air (through the swan neck), did microbes grow.
    • Conclusion: Microorganisms come from pre-existing microbes, not spontaneously from non-living matter.

    Redi's Experiment

    • Redi placed meat in jars, some covered and some uncovered.
    • Maggots only appeared in the uncovered jars.
    • Conclusion: Maggots come from fly eggs, not spontaneous generation. This disproved spontaneous generation for larger organisms.

    Variable Definitions

    • Controlled Variable: Factors kept constant in an experiment.
    • Manipulated (Independent) Variable: Factor deliberately changed in an experiment.
    • Responding (Dependent) Variable: Factor measured as a result of the manipulated variable's change.

    Organelles (Plant and Animal Cells)

    • Nucleus: Controls cell activities, contains DNA.
    • Mitochondria: Produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
    • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis & transport.
      • Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
    • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or use within the cell.
    • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste.
    • Chloroplasts (Plant): Perform photosynthesis, converting sunlight to energy (glucose).
    • Vacuoles (Plant): Stores water, nutrients, and waste.
    • Cell Membrane: Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
    • Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where organelles are suspended.
    • Cell wall (Plant): Provides structural support and protection.
    • Large Central Vacuole (Plant): Maintains turgor pressure, stores water, nutrients.

    Types of Cell Research

    • Microscopy: Allows visualization of cell structures not visible to the naked eye.
    • Cell Culture: Growing cells in labs to study behavior, genetics, response to drugs.
    • Molecular Biology Techniques: (PCR, Gel Electrophoresis) Enable the study of genetic material and gene expression to understand diseases and develop treatments.

    Cells as Open Systems

    • Cells exchange materials (nutrients, gases, waste) with environment.
    • Cells obtain energy & release energy through metabolism.
    • Cells communicate with each other.
    • Cells maintain internal stability (homeostasis).
    • Cells reproduce (mitosis, meiosis).
    • Cells respond to changes in the environment (stimuli).

    Calculating Total Magnification

    • Total magnification = ocular lens magnification x objective lens magnification.

    Estimating Specimen Size

    • Specimen size = Field of View Diameter / Number of Specimens Across Diameter

    Gene Editing

    • Gene editing modifies an organism's DNA.
    • CRISPR-Cas9 is a widely used gene-editing technique using guide RNA to target DNA and an enzyme (Cas9) to cut it.
    • Applications include treating genetic disorders, studying genes, and creating crops with desirable traits.

    HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

    • HIV attacks CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system, potentially leading to AIDS.
    • HIV replicates inside host cells.
    • Transmission occurs through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.
    • Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy (ART).

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    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of cell theory and the historical debate around spontaneous generation. Understand the experiments conducted by Pasteur and Redi, which challenged the notion of life arising from non-living matter. Test your knowledge on these pivotal scientific discoveries.

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