Cell Theory and Spontaneous Generation
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Questions and Answers

What is one potential application of gene editing in agriculture?

  • Treating HIV
  • Preventing opportunistic infections
  • Creating crops with desirable traits (correct)
  • Curing genetic disorders

HIV can be transmitted through saliva.

False (B)

What does ART stand for in the context of HIV treatment?

Antiretroviral therapy

HIV attacks the _____ cells, which are essential for the immune system's functioning.

<p>CD4+ T</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to HIV with their descriptions:

<p>HIV = A virus that attacks the immune system CD4+ T cells = Type of white blood cell targeted by HIV AIDS = Final stage of HIV infection Art = Treatment that lowers viral load</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cell theory state about all living organisms?

<p>All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spontaneous generation is a widely accepted and proven hypothesis in biology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the conclusion of Louis Pasteur's experiment regarding microorganisms?

<p>Microorganisms come from pre-existing microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ contains genetic material and controls cell activities.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the organelles with their functions:

<p>Mitochondria = Produces energy (ATP) Chloroplasts = Perform photosynthesis Ribosomes = Synthesize proteins Golgi Apparatus = Modifies and packages proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the controlled variable in an experiment?

<p>The variable that is kept constant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Francesco Redi's experiment proved that maggots could arise spontaneously from meat.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Break down waste and cellular debris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

<p>Responsible for photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Centrosomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do peroxisomes play in the cell?

<p>Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ provides structure and rigidity to plant cells.

<p>cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their functions:

<p>Cytoskeleton = Provides structure, shape, and supports movement Centrosomes = Organizes microtubules during cell division Cell Culture = Studies cell behavior in a lab setting PCR = Technique for studying genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the six points of the cell as an open system?

<p>Repetition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitosis and meiosis are processes that enable cells to reproduce.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the manipulated variable in an experiment testing the effect of light intensity on plant growth?

<p>light intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

HeLa cells are known to have a limited lifespan when grown in culture.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organelle is responsible for digesting waste materials in animal cells?

<p>Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ provides structural support and protection in plant cells.

<p>Cell Wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration?

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organelles with their functions:

<p>Ribosomes = Protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus = Packages proteins for export Endoplasmic Reticulum = Synthesizes and transports proteins Chloroplasts = Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The large central vacuole in plant cells helps maintain turgor pressure.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant contribution of HeLa cells to medical research?

<p>Development of vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of viruses?

<p>Require a host cell to replicate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells can only differentiate into one type of cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stem cells are found in early-stage embryos?

<p>Embryonic Stem Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

CRISPR-Cas9 is a widely used _________ technology.

<p>gene editing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about adult stem cells is true?

<p>They are multipotent and can differentiate into a limited number of cell types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viruses can have an outer lipid envelope.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name a virus that is an example of a virus discussed.

<p>Flu virus, coronavirus, or HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the stem cell types with their descriptions:

<p>Embryonic Stem Cells = Can differentiate into almost any cell type Adult (Somatic) Stem Cells = Can differentiate into a limited number of cell types Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) = Adult cells reprogrammed to act like embryonic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a responding (dependent) variable?

<p>A factor that changes as a result of the manipulated variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total magnification is calculated by multiplying the ocular lens magnification by the objective lens magnification.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for estimating specimen size using the field of view (FOV)?

<p>Estimating specimen size = FOV diameter ÷ number of specimens across</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the formula A = I × M, A represents the _____ size.

<p>Actual</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of cell with its characteristic:

<p>Prokaryotes = Single-celled organisms like bacteria. Eukaryotes = Can be multicellular organisms like plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the image size is 200 µm and the magnification is 400x, what is the actual size of the specimen?

<p>0.5 µm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prokaryotes are typically larger than eukaryotes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The diameter of the field of view at 100x magnification is calculated using the formula M1D1 = M2D2. If D1 is _____ mm at 40x magnification, what is D2 at 100x magnification when M1 is 40x?

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Spontaneous Generation

The outdated and disproven theory that living organisms can arise from non-living matter.

Controlled Variable

A factor that is kept constant during an experiment to ensure fairness.

Manipulated Variable

The factor that is deliberately changed or tested in an experiment.

Responding Variable

The factor that is measured or observed as a result of the change in the manipulated variable.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, producing energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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Ribosomes

Synthesize proteins, essential for cell function.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing genetic material (DNA) and regulating cell activities.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes involved in protein synthesis and transport (rough ER) and lipid synthesis and detoxification (smooth ER).

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Cytoskeleton

The internal scaffolding of a cell that provides structure, shape, and support. Also helps with movement.

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Centrosomes/Centrioles

Organelles involved in organizing microtubules during cell division, important for proper chromosome separation.

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Peroxisomes

Organelles responsible for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances.

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Chlorophyll

The green pigment responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.

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Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer that provides structure and support to plant cells.

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Large Central Vacuole

A large, central storage compartment in plant cells that maintains turgor pressure, stores water, nutrients, and waste.

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Microscopy

Using microscopes to visualize cell structures and details that are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

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Cell Culture

Growing cells in a lab setting allows researchers to study cell behavior, genetics, and drug responses.

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Total Magnification Formula

The total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens being used.

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Estimating Specimen Size

The field of view (FOV) is the circular area visible through a microscope. Its diameter can be estimated using the formula FOV diameter ÷ number of specimens across the diameter.

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Actual Size Formula

This formula relates the actual size of a specimen to its image size and magnification. Actual size = Image size ÷ Magnification.

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Comparing FOV at Different Magnifications

This formula allows you to compare the field of view at different magnifications. It states that the magnification multiplied by the FOV diameter is constant for different magnifications.

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Prokaryotes

These are single-celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are generally smaller than eukaryotes and have DNA located in a nucleoid region.

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Eukaryotes

These organisms can be single-celled or multicellular. They have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum.

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What is the role of the nucleus in a plant cell?

The nucleus is the control center of a plant cell. It contains the cell's DNA, which carries genetic information and regulates cellular activities.

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What are viruses?

Microscopic infectious agents that cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic processes on their own. They require a host cell to replicate.

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What is a capsid?

A protein coat that surrounds a virus's genetic material (DNA or RNA).

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What is a viral envelope?

A lipid envelope found on some viruses that helps them enter host cells.

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How do viruses infect cells?

The process by which a virus takes over a host cell to replicate.

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What are stem cells?

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into specialized cell types.

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What are embryonic stem cells?

Stem cells found in early embryos that can differentiate into almost any cell type in the body.

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What are adult stem cells?

Stem cells found in various tissues in the body that can differentiate into a limited number of cell types.

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What is gene editing?

Techniques that modify an organism's DNA by precisely inserting, deleting, or altering genetic material.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells that are responsible for photosynthesis, converting sunlight energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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Central Vacuole

A large, fluid-filled sac in plant cells that stores water, nutrients, and waste products. It also plays a role in maintaining turgor pressure, which gives plants rigidity.

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Golgi Apparatus

Organelles within eukaryotic cells responsible for packaging proteins and lipids for export or use within the cell.

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HeLa Cells

A type of human cancer cell line derived from Henrietta Lacks in 1951. HeLa cells are immortal and have been widely used in scientific research.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which living organisms produce their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. This process occurs in chloroplasts.

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Cellular Respiration

The breakdown of glucose to produce energy in the form of ATP. This process occurs in mitochondria.

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What is HIV?

HIV, a virus that weakens the immune system, primarily attacks CD4+ T cells, crucial for fighting infections.

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How does HIV work?

HIV enters CD4+ T cells, uses their machinery to replicate, weakening the immune system over time, leading to opportunistic infections and cancers.

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How is HIV transmitted?

HIV is primarily spread through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk, often through unprotected sex, needle sharing, or mother to child.

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How is HIV treated?

HIV can be managed with antiretroviral therapy (ART), a combination of medications to reduce viral load and maintain immune function.

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What is the importance of early HIV diagnosis and treatment?

Early diagnosis and treatment with ART can help people with HIV live long, healthy lives.

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Study Notes

Cell Theory

  • All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
  • The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
  • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Spontaneous Generation

  • Spontaneous generation is the outdated and disproven theory that living organisms can arise from non-living matter.

Pasteur's Experiment

  • Pasteur conducted an experiment using swan-necked flasks to disprove spontaneous generation.
  • He boiled broth to kill any existing microbes.
  • Only when exposed to air (through the swan neck), did microbes grow.
  • Conclusion: Microorganisms come from pre-existing microbes, not spontaneously from non-living matter.

Redi's Experiment

  • Redi placed meat in jars, some covered and some uncovered.
  • Maggots only appeared in the uncovered jars.
  • Conclusion: Maggots come from fly eggs, not spontaneous generation. This disproved spontaneous generation for larger organisms.

Variable Definitions

  • Controlled Variable: Factors kept constant in an experiment.
  • Manipulated (Independent) Variable: Factor deliberately changed in an experiment.
  • Responding (Dependent) Variable: Factor measured as a result of the manipulated variable's change.

Organelles (Plant and Animal Cells)

  • Nucleus: Controls cell activities, contains DNA.
  • Mitochondria: Produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
    • Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis & transport.
    • Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis, and detoxification.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or use within the cell.
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste.
  • Chloroplasts (Plant): Perform photosynthesis, converting sunlight to energy (glucose).
  • Vacuoles (Plant): Stores water, nutrients, and waste.
  • Cell Membrane: Regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.
  • Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where organelles are suspended.
  • Cell wall (Plant): Provides structural support and protection.
  • Large Central Vacuole (Plant): Maintains turgor pressure, stores water, nutrients.

Types of Cell Research

  • Microscopy: Allows visualization of cell structures not visible to the naked eye.
  • Cell Culture: Growing cells in labs to study behavior, genetics, response to drugs.
  • Molecular Biology Techniques: (PCR, Gel Electrophoresis) Enable the study of genetic material and gene expression to understand diseases and develop treatments.

Cells as Open Systems

  • Cells exchange materials (nutrients, gases, waste) with environment.
  • Cells obtain energy & release energy through metabolism.
  • Cells communicate with each other.
  • Cells maintain internal stability (homeostasis).
  • Cells reproduce (mitosis, meiosis).
  • Cells respond to changes in the environment (stimuli).

Calculating Total Magnification

  • Total magnification = ocular lens magnification x objective lens magnification.

Estimating Specimen Size

  • Specimen size = Field of View Diameter / Number of Specimens Across Diameter

Gene Editing

  • Gene editing modifies an organism's DNA.
  • CRISPR-Cas9 is a widely used gene-editing technique using guide RNA to target DNA and an enzyme (Cas9) to cut it.
  • Applications include treating genetic disorders, studying genes, and creating crops with desirable traits.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

  • HIV attacks CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system, potentially leading to AIDS.
  • HIV replicates inside host cells.
  • Transmission occurs through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.
  • Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy (ART).

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Cell Biology - Cell Theory & Organelles PDF

Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of cell theory and the historical debate around spontaneous generation. Understand the experiments conducted by Pasteur and Redi, which challenged the notion of life arising from non-living matter. Test your knowledge on these pivotal scientific discoveries.

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