Biology Chapter: Cell Theory & Metabolism

<p>He compared meat in uncovered jars to meat in covered jars to investigate the development of flies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He boiled the broth before sealing some flasks, while leaving others unsealed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed air, but not microorganisms, to enter the flask, which allowed the broth to stay sterile. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microorganisms in the air contaminate the broth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were photosynthetic and produced oxygen as a byproduct. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate and 2 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the cytosol when oxygen is limited or absent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide the necessary enzymes for the process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetyl CoA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mitochondrial matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP and NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling the development of body patterns in embryos. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G1, Synthesis, G2, Mitosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External modifications that can turn genes on and off. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anaphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egg cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preparing proteins for export. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Golgi Apparatus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supporting and protecting the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a boundary between the cell and the external environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semipermeable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell will shrink and shrivel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To aid in the movement of molecules across a cell membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$6CO_2 + 6H_2O + light \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they reflect green light. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An organism that produces its own food. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dark Reactions, and The Light Independent Reactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles while prokaryotic cells do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By characteristics acquired during the parent's lifetime. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inheritance of acquired traits from parents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The flipper of a whale and the arm of a human. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Analogous structures develop through convergent evolution while homologous structures share a common ancestor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To identify and classify organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the environment selects similar phenotypes even though their ancestral types are different. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was not detailed enough to account for newly discovered organisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alfred Wegener (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marsupials were located on Pangaea and as the land masses drifted apart, so did the species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporal isolation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genetic divergence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Species are a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic -&gt; Eukaryotic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Last Universal Common Ancestor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic, includes what does not fit in to the three above categories (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the root of the cladogram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can independently copy themselves within the cells they are found in (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To decode mRNA into a protein sequence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA contains guanine while RNA does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UUG AUG CCA GAG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A combination of DNA from two different species that are joined. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transgenic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype, while codominance shows both parental traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Incomplete dominance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genotype (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>44 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A picture of an individual's chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic mutation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Germ cell mutation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An intentional human breeding to enhance a valuable trait. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced need for pesticides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms that can produce their own food through processes like photosynthesis.

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is located in the cytoplasm.

Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, including the nucleus, which houses the genetic material.

The theory that proposes a symbiotic relationship between a small aerobic prokaryote and a larger anaerobic cell, forming a mutually beneficial relationship.

The change in the characteristics of a species over time; essentially the process of life evolving.

A theory proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, which suggests that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to its offspring.

Theory that species evolve through natural selection, where individuals best suited to their environment survive and reproduce more.

More organisms are born than can survive due to limited resources.

Individuals within a species have variations in their traits.

Individuals with traits best suited to the environment will survive and reproduce more.

Structures that have similar features and origins due to shared ancestry.

Structures with similar functions but different underlying structures that evolved independently.

The theory that explains the movement of Earth's continents over millions of years.

The separation of two populations, preventing gene flow between them.

Genes that control the development of an organism's body plan, from head to tail.

The study of changes in gene expression that are not caused by alterations to the DNA sequence.

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP (cellular energy).

A network of membranes involved in protein production (rough ER) and synthesis of lipids and steroids (smooth ER).

Modifies and packages proteins and lipids, preparing them for export or use within the cell.

The control center of the cell, containing DNA and responsible for synthesizing RNA and ribosomes.

A selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.

Captures light energy and converts it to chemical energy in the form of sugars.

A large, fluid-filled sac that stores water, enzymes, and waste products.

A rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to plant cells.

The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy.

The movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without requiring energy.

A solution with a lower solute concentration than the inside of the cell. Cells in hypotonic solutions swell.

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the inside of the cell. Cells in hypertonic solutions shrink.

The process of molecules moving across a membrane with the assistance of carrier proteins.

The process by which cells use light energy to create glucose from carbon dioxide and water.

The process by which cells break down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

The science of naming and classifying organisms. It provides a standard system for referencing species and organizing the vast diversity of life on Earth.

A system of classification that divides organisms into two main groups: plants and animals. Animals were further classified as land, water, or air dwellers, while plants were grouped based on stem differences.

Aristotle's system became inadequate as scientific exploration expanded, revealing a vast array of new organisms that could not be categorized effectively within his framework.

A hierarchical system of classification with seven levels: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. It uses physical similarities to group organisms.

A two-part naming system used to identify species. It consists of the genus and species names.

A diagram that visualizes evolutionary relationships between organisms based on shared derived traits. It shows how closely related different groups are during evolution.

A group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

Blood type O, as it lacks antigens that would trigger an immune response in recipients with other blood types.

Blood type AB, as it can receive blood from all other blood types due to the presence of both A and B antigens.

A tool used to identify organisms based on their observable traits. It consists of a series of statements with two choices in each step that lead users to the correct identification.

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.

Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm when oxygen is unavailable. It allows cells to produce a small amount of ATP from glucose without using oxygen.

During strenuous exercise, muscle cells may run out of oxygen. This causes them to switch to lactic acid fermentation, which produces lactic acid that can build up and cause muscle soreness.

Yeast cells contain enzymes that convert pyruvate to ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide during alcoholic fermentation. This process is used for the production of alcoholic beverages.

Fermentation is more efficient in smaller organisms because they have a larger surface area to volume ratio, allowing for faster diffusion of nutrients and waste products.

Aerobic respiration, also known as cellular respiration, occurs in the mitochondria. It uses oxygen to break down glucose into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

The Krebs Cycle breaks down acetyl CoA, producing carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and a small amount of ATP.

The electron transport chain (ETC) occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria. It uses the energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate a large amount of ATP.

The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, while the ETC takes place in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondria.

Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP, producing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Gap 1 (G1): Normal cell functions, growth, and preparation for DNA replication.

Synthesis (S): DNA replication occurs, producing two complete sets of DNA.

Gap 2 (G2): More growth and preparation for mitosis, ensuring all components are ready.

Mitosis: Division of the nucleus, resulting in two identical daughter nuclei with the same number of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Prophase: Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form.

Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the center of the cell, attached to spindle fibers.

Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase: Chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelope reforms, spindle fibers disappear.

A haploid cell has one set of chromosomes (n), while a diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes (2n).

The idea that living organisms can arise from non-living matter.

All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells.

Francesco Redi's experiment used covered and uncovered jars with meat to test if flies spontaneously generated.

Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled broth in sealed and unsealed flasks to see if microorganisms arose from air or pre-existing organisms.

Louis Pasteur used a curved neck flask to show that microorganisms in the air were responsible for contamination, not spontaneous generation.

The first cellular life on Earth was photosynthetic, meaning it didn't need oxygen to survive, but it produced it as a byproduct.

A type of bacteria that is able to convert sunlight into energy through photosynthesis.

A sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA is double-stranded, has thymine, and deoxyribose sugar. RNA is single-stranded, has uracil, and ribose sugar.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a component of ribosomes.

A sequence of three consecutive nitrogenous bases in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) in DNA, and adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) in RNA. Cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) in both DNA and RNA.

The process of copying DNA in a cell, occurring in the nucleus. An error in replication is called a mutation.

The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA. Transcription happens in the cytoplasm.

The process of translating genetic code into an amino acid sequence, forming a protein. This occurs in ribosomes.

The mRNA transcript would be: UUG AUG CCA GAG.

Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or their products in industrial processes. Gene therapy aims to correct genetic defects by inserting genes into cells. GMOs are organisms with altered genetic material, giving them new traits. Recombinant DNA combines DNA from different species. Artificial selection is intentional breeding for desired traits. Transgenic organisms contain genes from another organism through recombinant DNA technology. Mutagenesis involves the creation of mutations in DNA.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can become specialized cells. They have potential uses in treating various diseases.

Pro: Less pesticide use, more nutritious food. Con: Possible allergic reactions, potential antibiotic resistance.

Gregor Mendel was a monk who researched the inheritance of traits in pea plants. He discovered fundamental principles of genetics by observing how traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Dominant allele masks the presence of a recessive allele. Recessive allele is masked by a dominant allele. Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a trait. Heterozygous means having two different alleles for a trait. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism. Phenotype refers to the physical appearance of an organism.

Incomplete dominance results in a mixed phenotype, while codominance shows both traits simultaneously.

Incomplete dominance: Red and white flowers produce pink flowers. Codominance: Red and white flowers produce a flower with both red and white stripes.

Sex chromosomes determine biological sex (e.g., egg and sperm). Autosomes are non-sex chromosomes (e.g., blood cells). Humans have 2 sex chromosomes and 44 autosomes.

A karyotype is a picture of an individual's chromosomes. It can be used to determine biological sex, detect chromosomal disorders, and diagnose genetic diseases.

Germ cell mutations affect sex cells. Somatic mutations affect body cells. Lethal mutations are fatal to the embryo. Chromosome mutations involve changes in chromosome number or structure. Gene mutations involve changes in specific genes.