Cell Structures & Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of flagella in prokaryotic cells?

  • Organizing cytoplasm
  • Motility and chemotaxis (correct)
  • Cell shape maintenance
  • Protein synthesis
  • What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

  • Membrane-bound organelles (correct)
  • Presence of a nucleoid
  • Presence of ribosomes
  • Lack of a cell wall
  • What is the function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?

  • Movement of cytoplasm
  • Communication between adjacent cells (correct)
  • Support for the cell structure
  • Synthesis of proteins
  • Which of the following describes archaeal organisms?

    <p>Ancient bacteria that are extremophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle was newly discovered and is responsible for converting nitrogen gas for cell growth?

    <p>Nitroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is DNA typically found in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows the movement of cytoplasm and vesicles in a cell?

    <p>Cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the centrioles moving toward opposite sides of the cell while the nuclear membrane begins to disappear?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the prometaphase stage of mitosis?

    <p>Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the metaphase checkpoint?

    <p>To ensure chromosomes are properly aligned</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of meiosis does genetic recombination occur?

    <p>Prophase 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many successive divisions occur in meiosis?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mitosis is incorrect?

    <p>It results in cells with half the genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific role does protein kinase play during the cell cycle?

    <p>Catalyzes phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells does mitosis produce?

    <p>Diploid cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cytokinesis following meiosis?

    <p>Two haploid daughter cells are produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the second meiotic division involves the separation of sister chromatids?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does non-disjunction lead to in the daughter cells?

    <p>Daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by having an extra chromosome in the 21st pair?

    <p>Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which meiotic stage do dyads contract?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used to describe a condition of having extra or missing chromosomes?

    <p>Aneuploidy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cytokinesis involve in animal cells?

    <p>Formation of a constriction in the cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions involves a triple X chromosome configuration?

    <p>Metafemale (Triple X Syndrome)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome associated with Trisomy 18?

    <p>Stillbirth or early death of an infant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driving force behind membrane formation?

    <p>Hydrophobic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic do lipids possess that makes them amphipathic?

    <p>Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structural aberrations involves the rearrangement of chromosomal segments?

    <p>Translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sonification used for in biochemical processes?

    <p>To create artificial liposomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is commonly associated with the Habsburg family?

    <p>Prominent jawline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipids are specifically mentioned as contributing to the lipid bilayer structure?

    <p>Phospholipids and glycolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical abnormality is associated with Trisomy 13?

    <p>Severe intellectual disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the movement of particles in diffusion?

    <p>Concentration gradients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a concentration gradient?

    <p>The difference in concentration between two regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an animal cell placed in an isotonic solution?

    <p>It will maintain its shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when an animal cell is in a hypotonic solution?

    <p>Water enters the cell, possibly causing it to burst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is osmosis considered a type of passive transport?

    <p>It happens without energy expenditure by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limits the rate of diffusion inside cells after molecules enter?

    <p>Size and shape of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the semi-permeable nature of the cell membrane affect substance movement?

    <p>It selectively permits certain substances and restricts others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important substance that crosses cell membranes?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structures & Functions

    • Cytoskeleton: Provides cell shape, secures organelles, and allows movement of cytoplasm and vesicles.

    • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.

    • Flagella: Enable movement and chemotaxis (movement in response to chemical stimuli).

    • Cilia: Short, hair-like appendages extending from the cell surface.

    • Plasmodesma: Microscopic cytoplasmic canal connecting plant cells, allowing communication between them

    • Nitroplast: Organelle discovered in marine algae that can convert nitrogen gas into a usable form for cell growth.

    Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotic Cells: Single-celled, lack membrane-bound organelles, have a nucleoid region where DNA is found. Includes bacteria and archaea.

    • Eukaryotic Cells: Multicellular, have a nucleus containing genetic material (DNA), and membrane-bound organelles.

    3 Domains of Taxonomy

    • Cell Woese proposed the 3-domain system:
      • Eukarya: Multicellular organisms
      • Prokarya: Single-celled organisms
      • Archae: Ancient bacteria, extremophiles (organisms thriving in extreme environments)

    Cell Cycle & Mitosis

    • Cell Cycle: Continuous process of cell growth and division, allowing living organisms to multiply.

    • Chromosomes: Contain genetic information passed from parents to offspring, making each living type unique.

    • Mitosis: Nuclear division process resulting in two new nuclei with identical genetic information:

      • Prophase: Preparatory stage – centrioles move to opposite poles, nuclear membrane disappears.
      • Prometaphase: Nuclear membrane disappears completely, chromosomes become visible, spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
      • Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, centromeres are attached to spindle fibers (metaphase checkpoint ensures correct spindle fiber attachment).
      • Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
      • Telophase: Chromosomes reach poles, nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, cytokinesis follows.
      • Cytokinesis: Two nuclei are compartmentalized into separate daughter cells, completing the mitotic cell division.

    Meiosis & Chromosomal Abberations

    • Meiosis: Reduces genetic information, producing haploid gametes or spores, with only one set of chromosomes.

      • Recombination: Exchange of genetic traits during prophase I of meiosis.
      • Meiosis I (PMAT I):
        • Prophase I: Similar to mitosis prophase, with recombination occurring.
        • Metaphase I: Homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate.
        • Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
        • Telophase I: Two haploid daughter cells with reduced chromosome number.
      • Meiosis II (PMAT II): Similar to mitosis, producing four haploid daughter cells.
    • Chromosomal Aberration: Changes in chromosome structure or number.

      • Nondisjunction: Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis, leading to daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes.
      • Aneuploidy: Condition of having missing or extra chromosomes.
        • Turner Syndrome: Missing one X chromosome (XO).
        • Klinefelter Syndrome: Extra X chromosome (XXY).
        • Metafemale (Triple X Syndrome): Extra XX chromosome (XXX).
        • Jacob’s Syndrome (Criminal Syndrome): Extra Y chromosome (XYY).
      • Autosomal Aberration: Aberration affecting chromosomes 1 to 22.
        • Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome): Extra chromosome in the 21st pair.
        • Trisomy 18 (Edward’s Syndrome): Extra chromosome in the 18th pair.
        • Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome): Extra chromosome in the 13th pair.

    Structural Aberration

    • Deletion: Loss of a portion of a chromosome.
    • Duplication: Presence of an extra copy of a chromosome segment.
    • Inversion: Reversal of a chromosome segment.
    • Translocation: Movement of a chromosome segment to a different chromosome.

    Cell Membrane

    • Lipids: Amphipathic molecules with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

      • Phospholipids: Form lipid bilayers, crucial for membrane structure.
      • Glycolipids: Carbohydrate complexes helping the cell bind substances.
      • Cholesterol Lipids: Provide membrane fluidity.
    • Hydrophobic Effect: Key driving force in membrane formation.

    • Sonification: Using sound waves to create artificial liposomes (vesicles).

    The Habsburg Family

    • Habsburg Family: European royal dynasty known for intermarriage and distinctive physical features.
    • Habsburg Jaw (Mandibular Prognathism): Forward protrusion of the lower jaw, prominent in the family due to inbreeding.

    Transport Across Cell Membranes

    • Concentration Gradient: Difference in concentration between two regions.
    • Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentrations.
    • Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
    • Isotonic Solution: Solution with solute concentration equal to the cell's internal environment, maintaining cell shape.
    • Hypotonic Solution: Solution with lower solute concentration than the cell, causing water to enter the cell and potentially leading to lysis (bursting).

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the various structures and functions of cells, focusing on the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Understand the role of organelles and the 3-domain system of taxonomy. This quiz challenges your understanding of essential cell biology concepts.

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