Questions and Answers
Eukaryotic cells are simpler and smaller compared to prokaryotic cells.
False
Which of the following statements is true about prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
Energy production
The _______ is responsible for protein synthesis in the cell.
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Which type of cell contains chloroplasts?
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Match the following organelles with their functions:
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Cell communication occurs only through electrical signals.
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Which structure controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell?
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The process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells is known as _______.
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What is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell called?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
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Definition: Cell biology is the study of cells, their physiological properties, structures, organelles, interactions, and behavior.
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Types of Cells:
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Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Generally smaller and simpler (e.g., bacteria).
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Eukaryotic Cells:
- Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Larger and more complex (e.g., plant and animal cells).
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Prokaryotic Cells:
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Basic Cell Structures:
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Cell Membrane:
- Phospholipid bilayer that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
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Cytoplasm:
- Jelly-like substance where cellular processes occur, containing organelles.
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Nucleus:
- Contains genetic material (DNA) and regulates gene expression and cell division.
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Mitochondria:
- Powerhouse of the cell, involved in energy (ATP) production through respiration.
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Ribosomes:
- Sites of protein synthesis; can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids and detoxifies drugs.
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Golgi Apparatus:
- Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell.
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Lysosomes:
- Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.
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Chloroplasts:
- Found in plant cells; site of photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.
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Cell Membrane:
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Cell Functions:
- Metabolism: All biochemical reactions occurring within the cell.
- Protein Synthesis: The process of translating genetic information into proteins.
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Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Division of somatic cells for growth and repair.
- Meiosis: Division of germ cells for sexual reproduction.
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Cell Communication:
- Cells communicate through chemical signals (hormones, neurotransmitters) and receptors on the cell membrane.
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Cell Theory:
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of life.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cell Biology Overview
- Cell biology studies cells, examining their properties, structures, organelles, interactions, and functions.
Types of Cells
-
Prokaryotic Cells:
- Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Typically smaller and simpler, exemplified by bacteria.
-
Eukaryotic Cells:
- Possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Generally larger and more complex, including plant and animal cells.
Basic Cell Structures
-
Cell Membrane:
- Composed of a phospholipid bilayer, it regulates substance movement in and out of the cell.
-
Cytoplasm:
- Jelly-like matrix where cellular processes occur and organelles are suspended.
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Nucleus:
- Houses genetic material (DNA), regulates gene expression, and controls cell division.
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Mitochondria:
- Known as the powerhouse of the cell, crucial for ATP production through respiration.
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Ribosomes:
- Sites for protein synthesis; can be found free in cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Covered with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, responsible for lipid synthesis and drug detoxification.
-
Golgi Apparatus:
- Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use.
-
Lysosomes:
- Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste and debris.
-
Chloroplasts:
- Present in plant cells; sites of photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy.
Cell Functions
-
Metabolism:
- Refers to all biochemical reactions that occur within the cell.
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Protein Synthesis:
- Process of translating genetic information into functional proteins.
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Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Somatic cell division for growth and repair.
- Meiosis: Germ cell division to produce gametes for sexual reproduction.
Cell Communication
- Cells utilize chemical signals (like hormones and neurotransmitters) and membrane receptors for communication.
Cell Theory
- All living organisms are composed of cells.
- The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
- Cells originate from pre-existing cells.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of cell biology, focusing on the definition, types of cells, and basic structures essential for life. Understand the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and discover the roles of various organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes.