Cell Structure Standards & Functions
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the cell nucleus?

The nucleus controls most cell processes and contains DNA.

What organelles help make and transport proteins and other macromolecules?

Ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.

What are the functions of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton?

Vacuoles store water, waste products, and other materials. Lysosomes break down worn-out cell parts and foreign materials. The cytoskeleton provides structural support, helps with cell movement, and facilitates organelle transport.

What are the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

<p>Chloroplasts capture sunlight energy and convert it into food (sugars) through photosynthesis. Mitochondria convert chemical energy from food into compounds the cell can use through cellular respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell membrane?

<p>The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier controlling what enters and exits the cell. It also helps maintain the overall structure and protects the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Do we find the same nucleus in prokaryotic cells?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the DNA contained in prokaryotic cells?

<p>The DNA is located in a region called the nucleoid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nuclear pores?

<p>Nuclear pores allow for the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleolus?

<p>The nucleolus is where ribosomes are assembled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what you see in the illustration of a eukaryotic cell producing proteins.

<p>The illustration shows the steps of protein synthesis, starting with ribosomes making proteins, then moving the proteins to the rough endoplasmic reticulum for further processing, and finally the proteins being transported to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles to be sorted and packaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens first in producing proteins?

<p>Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens next in producing proteins after they are assembled on ribosomes?

<p>Some proteins complete their assembly on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the third stage of protein production?

<p>Proteins are carried to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the vesicle do in protein production?

<p>It carries the protein from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens next in protein production after the protein is in a vesicle?

<p>Vesicles are shipped to their final destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in protein production?

<p>The Golgi apparatus sorts and packages proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it better for a cell to transport materials using vesicles than without?

<p>Vesicles provide a controlled and protected environment for transporting materials within the cell preventing damage or interference with other cellular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely true about the vacuoles of a wilting plant?

<p>The vacuoles of a wilting plant are likely smaller and less filled with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the contractile vacuole?

<p>It pumps out excess water, helping the cell maintain its osmotic balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells contain chloroplasts?

<p>Plant cells and some algae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between microfilaments and microtubules. Which of the following are true? (Select all that apply)

<p>Both Microfilaments and microtubules play crucial roles in maintaining cell shape and movement. (A), Microtubules help transport substances within the cell. (B), Microfilaments help transport substances within the cell. (C), Microtubules are involved in cellular division, moving chromosomes apart during mitosis. (D), Microfilaments are made of protein called actin, while microtubules are made of protein called tubulin. (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are proteins assembled?

<p>Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can you infer about a cell that is packed with more than the typical number of ribosomes?

<p>A cell packed with more ribosomes suggests increased protein production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the synthesis of membrane proteins completed?

<p>The synthesis of membrane proteins is completed on the rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are proteins transported to the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to proteins leaving the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Proteins leaving the Golgi apparatus are sorted and packaged into vesicles, ready for their final destinations within or outside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the cell membrane structured?

<p>The cell membrane is made up of a lipid bilayer, containing hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, embedded with proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Nucleus Role

Controls cell processes and houses DNA.

Protein Assembly Location

Proteins are made on ribosomes, with some completing on the rough ER.

Protein Transport

Proteins are moved in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.

Vacuoles and Lysosomes

Vacuoles store, vesicles transport; lysosomes break down waste.

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Cytoplasm Role

Fluid inside the cell, where many processes occur.

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Chloroplasts vs. Mitochondria

Chloroplasts capture sunlight, mitochondria convert energy from food.

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Cell Membrane Function

Controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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Ribosomes

Small particles that assemble proteins.

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Rough ER

Site where some proteins are assembled and modified.

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Golgi Apparatus

Sorts and packages proteins for delivery.

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Vesicles

Small sacs that transport materials.

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Nuclear Envelope

Membrane surrounding the nucleus.

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Nuclear Pores

Openings in the nuclear envelope allowing things in and out.

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Nucleolus

Part inside the nucleus, where ribosomes are made.

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Protein Synthesis Steps

DNA, ribosomes, rough ER, Golgi, and vesicles involved.

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Plant Cell Vacuoles

Support cell structure and store water and nutrients.

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Contractile Vacuoles

Remove excess water from cells.

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Cytoskeleton

Protein filaments that give the cell shape and support.

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Microfilaments

Thin protein fibers that help in cell movement.

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Microtubules

Thick protein fibers that help in cell shape and movement.

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Chloroplasts Function

Converts sunlight into food for cells.

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Mitochondria Function

Converts chemical energy from food into usable energy.

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Cell Membrane Structure

Outer boundary of cell, controls what enters and exits.

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Cell Wall Function

Provides support and protection to plant cells.

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Protein Destination

Proteins have various destinations within or outside the cell.

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Cell Transport Using Vesicles

Vesicles are efficient for transporting materials inside the cell.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure Standards

  • HS-LS1-1: DNA structure dictates protein structure, which carries out life's functions in specialized cells.
  • HS-LS1-2: Multicellular organisms have a hierarchical organization of interacting systems with specific functions.

Learning Objectives

  • Understand the role of the cell nucleus.
  • Identify cellular structures for making and transporting proteins and macromolecules.
  • Differentiate the functions of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoplasm.
  • Compare the roles of chloroplasts and mitochondria.
  • Describe the role of the cell membrane.

Vocabulary

  • cytoplasm
  • organelle
  • ribosome
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • vacuole
  • lysosome
  • cytoskeleton
  • chloroplast
  • mitochondrion
  • cell wall
  • lipid bilayer
  • selectively permeable

Cell Structure Analogy

  • Factories, like cells, have specialized areas for different functions, similar to cell organelles performing specific tasks.
  • This organization is crucial for the factory/cell to perform its function.

Exploring Cell Organelles

  • Eukaryotic cells (animal and plant) have specialized organelles with specific roles.

Nucleus

  • Controls most cell processes.
  • Contains DNA.
  • Includes nuclear pores, chromatin, and nucleolus.

Question 1

  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.
  • DNA is contained differently in prokaryotes, by being within the cytoplasm.

Organelles That Build Proteins

  • Proteins are assembled on ribosomes.
  • Some proteins finish assembling on rough endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Proteins are transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles.

Question 2

  • The flow of protein production, transport, and modification, from ribosomes through the endoplasmic reticulum, and vesicle transport to the Golgi.

Question 3

  • Vesicles transport materials to their destination after processing by the Golgi apparatus.

Task 1

  • Protein synthesis happens in ribosomes.
  • High ribosome numbers likely mean active protein synthesis.

Vacuoles, Vesicles, and Lysosomes

  • Animal cells can have contractile vacuoles, though many have vacuoles.
  • Plant cells typically have a central vacuole.
  • Vesicles transport materials; lysosomes break down materials.

Question 4

  • Wilting plants likely have smaller vacuoles due to water loss.
  • Contractile vacuoles help single-celled organisms regulate water balance.

Microtubules and Microfilaments

  • These structures form part of the cytoskeleton, maintaining cell structure and supporting cellular processes.

Chloroplasts

  • Capture sunlight energy and transform it into chemical energy.
  • Found in autotrophs like plants and algae.

Mitochondria

  • Convert chemical energy from food into usable energy.
  • Known as "powerhouses" of the cell.

Cellular Boundaries

  • Cell membranes and cell walls (in some cells) define external boundaries.

Cell Membranes

  • Lipid bilayer (two layers of lipids).
  • Membrane proteins embedded in the bilayer.

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Cell Structure PDF

Description

Explore the complex organization and various functions of cell structures in this quiz. Understand the roles of organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, as well as the processes of protein synthesis and transport. Perfect for high school biology students looking to reinforce their understanding of cellular interactions.

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