Cell Structure & Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Biological events primarily take place in ______, which are like containers in varying sizes and shapes.

cells

The basic component of biological membranes is ______, specifically phospholipids.

lipids

The 'head' portion of a phospholipid is positively charged and therefore ______.

hydrophilic

When phospholipids contact water, they typically assume a ______ structure.

<p>bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the fluid mosaic model, biological membranes consist of phospholipid bilayers with various sorts of ______ interspersed in them.

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular membranes are described as ______, allowing water but not solutes to cross.

<p>semipermeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ gradient exists when a solute is more concentrated on one side of a membrane than the other.

<p>concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of materials across membranes can involve processes such as osmosis, simple diffusion, and ______ transport.

<p>active</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a solvent is capable of traversing a membrane, it will move from the side where the solute is more dilute (________)

<p>hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process by which a solvent crosses a membrane in response to a concentration gradient is known as ________.

<p>osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a ________ solution, red blood cells lose water and shrink.

<p>hypertonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a ________ solution, red blood cells gain water and may explode.

<p>hypotonic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rate of diffusion through a membrane is known as ________.

<p>flux</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unlike diffusion, active transport can achieve net movement of a solute '________' against a concentration gradient.

<p>uphill</p> Signup and view all the answers

To accomplish active transport, the cell must use ________ as the energy source.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nearly all cells use active transport to pull valuable molecules like ________.

<p>sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by internal membrane systems and by __________ that subdivides the chemical activities.

<p>compartmentalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first noticeable organelle in animal cells is the __________.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Macromolecules can exit or enter the nucleus through __________, which provide routes for communication with the surrounding cytoplasm.

<p>pores</p> Signup and view all the answers

Golgi bodies are also known as the ______ apparatus.

<p>Golgi</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nucleosome contains DNA wrapped up with __________ called histones.

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

In plant cells, Golgi bodies are referred to as ______.

<p>dictosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endoplasmic reticulum is of two types: Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and __________ endoplasmic reticulum (SER).

<p>smooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is called 'rough' because its surface is studded with __________.

<p>ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lysosomes contain powerful ______ enzymes that break down large biological molecules.

<p>hydrolytic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SER does not contain ribosomes and does not function in __________ synthesis.

<p>protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are known as the power plants of ______ cells.

<p>eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ are masses within the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized and stored.

<p>nucleoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

The high-energy compound produced by mitochondria is ______.

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

The inner membrane of mitochondria contains folds called ______.

<p>crista</p> Signup and view all the answers

The gel-like matrix inside mitochondria is referred to as ______.

<p>stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria contain their own molecules of ______.

<p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mitochondria are proposed to have originated from bacteria according to the theory called ______.

<p>ENDOSYMBIOSIS THEORY</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts are present only in photosynthetic cells of plants and eukaryotic ______ capable of photosynthesis.

<p>protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts have an internal membrane system made up of specialized ______.

<p>THYLAKOIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to mitochondria and chloroplasts, a wide variety of other organelles can be found in ______ cells.

<p>eukaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Storage granules in cells are surrounded by unit ______.

<p>membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Amyloids and chromoplasts are types of storage granules that store ______ and non-photosynthetic pigments respectively.

<p>starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microbodies include two major types: ______ and glyoxisomes.

<p>PEROXISOMES</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peroxisomes contain the enzyme called ______.

<p>CATALASE</p> Signup and view all the answers

Certain cellular reactions that produce the highly toxic oxidizing agent ______ are confined to peroxisomes.

<p>hydrogen peroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glyoxysomes in plant cells contain catalase, which splits H2O2 formed during the conversion of lipids to ______.

<p>sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the cytoplasm, a network of protein fibers support cell shape and anchor ______.

<p>organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Actin filaments are responsible for cell movement, whereas ______ are involved in cell division and form the structure of centrioles.

<p>microtubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells within a multicellular organism form layers and assemblies referred to as ______.

<p>tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer surfaces of animals and those lining the small intestines make up ______ tissues.

<p>epithelial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells called ______ produce the protein collagen, forming a framework in tissues like bone and cartilage.

<p>fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Important structures in the development of plant tissues are the ______.

<p>meristems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phospholipid

A type of lipid that forms the basic structure of cell membranes.

Hydrophilic

Attracted to water.

Hydrophobic

Repelled by water.

Phospholipid bilayer

Two layers of phospholipids arranged tail-to-tail, forming a stable barrier in water.

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Fluid mosaic model

Describes the structure of cell membranes as a fluid phospholipid bilayer interspersed with proteins.

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Osmosis

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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Semipermeable membrane

A membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others.

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Concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a space.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration than inside a cell.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration than inside a cell.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same solute concentration as inside a cell.

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Simple Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without the need for energy.

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Active Transport

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration which requires energy (ATP).

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Osmotic Pressure

The force required to prevent water from moving across a selectively permeable membrane due to concentration differences.

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Eukaryotic Cell

A cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Found in all organisms except those in the Monera kingdom.

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Organelle

A specialized structure within a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function, surrounded by a membrane.

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Nucleus

The control center of a eukaryotic cell, containing DNA and responsible for regulating cell activity.

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Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus, regulating the passage of molecules in and out.

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Pore

Opening in the nuclear envelope that allows specific molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus.

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Nucleosome

A basic unit of DNA packaging in the nucleus, consisting of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

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Chromosome

Highly condensed structure of DNA and histone proteins, visible during cell division. Contains genetic information.

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Nucleolus

Structure within the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized and stored before assembling into ribosomes.

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Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs (cisternae) in eukaryotic cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

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Dictyosome

The name for the Golgi Apparatus in plant cells.

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What are Golgi's functions?

The Golgi Apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids, and synthesizes polysaccharides and glycoproteins.

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Lysosome

A membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes for breaking down cellular waste materials and debris.

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What are lysosomes' functions?

Lysosomes digest cellular waste products and engulf foreign objects.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouses of cells, responsible for producing ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.

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Cristae

Folds of the inner membrane of mitochondria that increase surface area for ATP production.

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Stroma

The gel-like matrix inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion, where enzymes for ATP production are located.

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Endosymbiosis Theory

This theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells. It suggests that these organelles were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells and eventually became integrated as essential parts of the host cell.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plant cells and some protists responsible for photosynthesis. They contain chlorophyll and convert light energy into chemical energy.

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Thylakoids

Flattened membrane sacs in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll and other pigments. They are organized into stacks called grana.

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Storage Granules

Structures found in many cells that act as storage compartments for various substances such as hormones, starch, and pigments.

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Amyloplasts

Storage organelles present in plant cells, responsible for storing starch, a primary energy source in plants.

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Chromoplasts

Organelles in plants responsible for storing pigments other than chlorophyll, which gives fruits and flowers their color.

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Peroxisomes

Small organelles responsible for detoxification. They contain catalase, an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide, a harmful byproduct of metabolism.

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Catalase

An enzyme found in peroxisomes that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

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Glyoxysomes

Plant organelles that contain catalase to break down H2O2 during lipid conversion to sugars.

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Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that supports cell shape, anchors organelles, and helps with movement.

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Actin filaments

Protein fibers in the cytoskeleton responsible for cell movement.

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Microtubules

Tubular structures in the cytoskeleton involved in cell division and forming centrioles.

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Centrioles

Cylindrical structures involved in cell division, formed by microtubules.

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Intermediate filaments

Protein fibers in the cytoskeleton providing physical support to the cell.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure & Function (Cytology)

  • Cells are like containers with varying sizes and shapes.
  • Cell boundaries are called membranes.

Membrane Structure

  • The basic component of cell membranes is lipids, specifically phospholipids.
  • Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head (+ charge) and a hydrophobic tail (- charge).
  • Phospholipids form a bilayer structure in water.
  • Biological membranes consist of phospholipid bilayers and proteins.

Movement of Materials Across Membranes

  • Materials such as water move across membranes through various mechanisms.
  • Key mechanisms include osmosis, simple diffusion, and active transport.

Osmosis

  • Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
  • Membranes can be permeable or semipermeable.
  • Solutions can be hypotonic (lower solute concentration), hypertonic (higher solute concentration), or isotonic (equal solute concentrations).

Simple Diffusion

  • Simple diffusion is the movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
  • The rate of diffusion is called flux.

Active Transport

  • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient.
  • Active transport requires energy (ATP).

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

  • Eukaryotic cells have internal membrane-bound structures called organelles.

  • The nucleus is a prominent organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

  • DNA is organized into nucleosomes within the nucleus.

  • Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis and are formed from rRNA and proteins.

  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened tubes.

    • Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.
    • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids.

  • Golgi apparatus is a system of sacs involved in packaging materials.

  • Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down molecules.

  • Mitochondria are the "power plants" of the cell, producing ATP.

  • Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes.

  • Chloroplasts are present in plant cells for photosynthesis.

  • Chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes.

Other Intracellular Organelles

  • Storage granules and microbodies are other types of organelles.
    • The microbodies types include peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.

Cells and Tissues

  • Cells in multicellular organisms form tissues.
  • Epithelial tissues line surfaces (e.g. skin, intestines).
  • Connective tissues provide support and structure.
  • Tissues interact to form organs.

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Cell Structure & Function (Cytology) PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cell structure, membrane composition, and the various mechanisms of material movement across membranes. This quiz covers topics such as osmosis, diffusion, and the role of phospholipids in biological membranes.

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