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Questions and Answers
Biological events primarily take place in ______, which are like containers in varying sizes and shapes.
Biological events primarily take place in ______, which are like containers in varying sizes and shapes.
cells
The basic component of biological membranes is ______, specifically phospholipids.
The basic component of biological membranes is ______, specifically phospholipids.
lipids
The 'head' portion of a phospholipid is positively charged and therefore ______.
The 'head' portion of a phospholipid is positively charged and therefore ______.
hydrophilic
When phospholipids contact water, they typically assume a ______ structure.
When phospholipids contact water, they typically assume a ______ structure.
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According to the fluid mosaic model, biological membranes consist of phospholipid bilayers with various sorts of ______ interspersed in them.
According to the fluid mosaic model, biological membranes consist of phospholipid bilayers with various sorts of ______ interspersed in them.
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Cellular membranes are described as ______, allowing water but not solutes to cross.
Cellular membranes are described as ______, allowing water but not solutes to cross.
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A ______ gradient exists when a solute is more concentrated on one side of a membrane than the other.
A ______ gradient exists when a solute is more concentrated on one side of a membrane than the other.
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The movement of materials across membranes can involve processes such as osmosis, simple diffusion, and ______ transport.
The movement of materials across membranes can involve processes such as osmosis, simple diffusion, and ______ transport.
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If a solvent is capable of traversing a membrane, it will move from the side where the solute is more dilute (________)
If a solvent is capable of traversing a membrane, it will move from the side where the solute is more dilute (________)
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The process by which a solvent crosses a membrane in response to a concentration gradient is known as ________.
The process by which a solvent crosses a membrane in response to a concentration gradient is known as ________.
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In a ________ solution, red blood cells lose water and shrink.
In a ________ solution, red blood cells lose water and shrink.
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In a ________ solution, red blood cells gain water and may explode.
In a ________ solution, red blood cells gain water and may explode.
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The rate of diffusion through a membrane is known as ________.
The rate of diffusion through a membrane is known as ________.
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Unlike diffusion, active transport can achieve net movement of a solute '________' against a concentration gradient.
Unlike diffusion, active transport can achieve net movement of a solute '________' against a concentration gradient.
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To accomplish active transport, the cell must use ________ as the energy source.
To accomplish active transport, the cell must use ________ as the energy source.
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Nearly all cells use active transport to pull valuable molecules like ________.
Nearly all cells use active transport to pull valuable molecules like ________.
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Eukaryotic cells are characterized by internal membrane systems and by __________ that subdivides the chemical activities.
Eukaryotic cells are characterized by internal membrane systems and by __________ that subdivides the chemical activities.
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The first noticeable organelle in animal cells is the __________.
The first noticeable organelle in animal cells is the __________.
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Macromolecules can exit or enter the nucleus through __________, which provide routes for communication with the surrounding cytoplasm.
Macromolecules can exit or enter the nucleus through __________, which provide routes for communication with the surrounding cytoplasm.
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Golgi bodies are also known as the ______ apparatus.
Golgi bodies are also known as the ______ apparatus.
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A nucleosome contains DNA wrapped up with __________ called histones.
A nucleosome contains DNA wrapped up with __________ called histones.
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In plant cells, Golgi bodies are referred to as ______.
In plant cells, Golgi bodies are referred to as ______.
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The endoplasmic reticulum is of two types: Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and __________ endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
The endoplasmic reticulum is of two types: Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and __________ endoplasmic reticulum (SER).
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum is called 'rough' because its surface is studded with __________.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is called 'rough' because its surface is studded with __________.
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Lysosomes contain powerful ______ enzymes that break down large biological molecules.
Lysosomes contain powerful ______ enzymes that break down large biological molecules.
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The SER does not contain ribosomes and does not function in __________ synthesis.
The SER does not contain ribosomes and does not function in __________ synthesis.
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Mitochondria are known as the power plants of ______ cells.
Mitochondria are known as the power plants of ______ cells.
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The __________ are masses within the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized and stored.
The __________ are masses within the nucleus where rRNA is synthesized and stored.
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The high-energy compound produced by mitochondria is ______.
The high-energy compound produced by mitochondria is ______.
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The inner membrane of mitochondria contains folds called ______.
The inner membrane of mitochondria contains folds called ______.
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The gel-like matrix inside mitochondria is referred to as ______.
The gel-like matrix inside mitochondria is referred to as ______.
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Mitochondria contain their own molecules of ______.
Mitochondria contain their own molecules of ______.
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Mitochondria are proposed to have originated from bacteria according to the theory called ______.
Mitochondria are proposed to have originated from bacteria according to the theory called ______.
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Chloroplasts are present only in photosynthetic cells of plants and eukaryotic ______ capable of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are present only in photosynthetic cells of plants and eukaryotic ______ capable of photosynthesis.
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Chloroplasts have an internal membrane system made up of specialized ______.
Chloroplasts have an internal membrane system made up of specialized ______.
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In addition to mitochondria and chloroplasts, a wide variety of other organelles can be found in ______ cells.
In addition to mitochondria and chloroplasts, a wide variety of other organelles can be found in ______ cells.
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Storage granules in cells are surrounded by unit ______.
Storage granules in cells are surrounded by unit ______.
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Amyloids and chromoplasts are types of storage granules that store ______ and non-photosynthetic pigments respectively.
Amyloids and chromoplasts are types of storage granules that store ______ and non-photosynthetic pigments respectively.
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Microbodies include two major types: ______ and glyoxisomes.
Microbodies include two major types: ______ and glyoxisomes.
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Peroxisomes contain the enzyme called ______.
Peroxisomes contain the enzyme called ______.
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Certain cellular reactions that produce the highly toxic oxidizing agent ______ are confined to peroxisomes.
Certain cellular reactions that produce the highly toxic oxidizing agent ______ are confined to peroxisomes.
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Glyoxysomes in plant cells contain catalase, which splits H2O2 formed during the conversion of lipids to ______.
Glyoxysomes in plant cells contain catalase, which splits H2O2 formed during the conversion of lipids to ______.
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Within the cytoplasm, a network of protein fibers support cell shape and anchor ______.
Within the cytoplasm, a network of protein fibers support cell shape and anchor ______.
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Actin filaments are responsible for cell movement, whereas ______ are involved in cell division and form the structure of centrioles.
Actin filaments are responsible for cell movement, whereas ______ are involved in cell division and form the structure of centrioles.
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Cells within a multicellular organism form layers and assemblies referred to as ______.
Cells within a multicellular organism form layers and assemblies referred to as ______.
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The outer surfaces of animals and those lining the small intestines make up ______ tissues.
The outer surfaces of animals and those lining the small intestines make up ______ tissues.
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Cells called ______ produce the protein collagen, forming a framework in tissues like bone and cartilage.
Cells called ______ produce the protein collagen, forming a framework in tissues like bone and cartilage.
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Important structures in the development of plant tissues are the ______.
Important structures in the development of plant tissues are the ______.
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Study Notes
Cell Structure & Function (Cytology)
- Cells are like containers with varying sizes and shapes.
- Cell boundaries are called membranes.
Membrane Structure
- The basic component of cell membranes is lipids, specifically phospholipids.
- Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head (+ charge) and a hydrophobic tail (- charge).
- Phospholipids form a bilayer structure in water.
- Biological membranes consist of phospholipid bilayers and proteins.
Movement of Materials Across Membranes
- Materials such as water move across membranes through various mechanisms.
- Key mechanisms include osmosis, simple diffusion, and active transport.
Osmosis
- Osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration.
- Membranes can be permeable or semipermeable.
- Solutions can be hypotonic (lower solute concentration), hypertonic (higher solute concentration), or isotonic (equal solute concentrations).
Simple Diffusion
- Simple diffusion is the movement of a substance across a membrane from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
- The rate of diffusion is called flux.
Active Transport
- Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient.
- Active transport requires energy (ATP).
Eukaryotic Cell Structure
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Eukaryotic cells have internal membrane-bound structures called organelles.
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The nucleus is a prominent organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope.
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DNA is organized into nucleosomes within the nucleus.
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Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis and are formed from rRNA and proteins.
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of flattened tubes.
- Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids.
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Golgi apparatus is a system of sacs involved in packaging materials.
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Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down molecules.
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Mitochondria are the "power plants" of the cell, producing ATP.
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Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes.
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Chloroplasts are present in plant cells for photosynthesis.
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Chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes.
Other Intracellular Organelles
- Storage granules and microbodies are other types of organelles.
- The microbodies types include peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.
Cells and Tissues
- Cells in multicellular organisms form tissues.
- Epithelial tissues line surfaces (e.g. skin, intestines).
- Connective tissues provide support and structure.
- Tissues interact to form organs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell structure, membrane composition, and the various mechanisms of material movement across membranes. This quiz covers topics such as osmosis, diffusion, and the role of phospholipids in biological membranes.
