Cell Structure Basics

Study Notes

Mitochondria:
- Generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Have own DNA (mitochondrial DNA)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: involved in protein synthesis, has ribosomes attached
- Smooth ER: involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
Lysosomes:
- Contain digestive enzymes for breaking down and recycling cellular waste
- Involved in autophagy (self-digestion)

Cell Division:
- Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
- Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Cell Signaling:
- Process by which cells communicate with each other
- Involves reception, transduction, and response to signals
Cell Transport:
- Passive Transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input
- Active Transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration with energy input

Cell Membrane:
- Semi-permeable membrane that separates the cell from its environment
- Regulates movement of molecules in and out of the cell
Membrane Transport:
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
- Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Facilitated Diffusion: movement of molecules with the assistance of transport proteins

Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life
Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, separating the cell from its environment
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where metabolic reactions occur
Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes
Golgi apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification and transport

Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Mitochondria have their own DNA (mitochondrial DNA)
Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis and has ribosomes attached
Smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for breaking down and recycling cellular waste
Lysosomes are involved in autophagy (self-digestion)

Mitosis is the process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis is the process of cell division resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Cell signaling involves reception, transduction, and response to signals
Cell signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other

Cell membrane is semi-permeable, regulating the movement of molecules in and out of the cell
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion is the movement of molecules with the assistance of transport proteins