Cell Biology: Cell Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?

  • Generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration (correct)
  • Regulating cell growth
  • Storing genetic material
  • Protein synthesis
  • What is the process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells?

  • Osmosis
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Diffusion
  • Mitosis
  • What is the term for the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without using energy?

  • Active transport
  • Pumping
  • Passive transport (correct)
  • Osmosis
  • What is the term for the close, long-term relationships between different species?

    <p>Symbiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of microbial interactions with the environment and each other?

    <p>Microbial ecology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of obtaining energy and nutrients?

    <p>Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Biology

    Cell Structure

    • Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane separating cell from environment
    • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell where metabolic reactions occur
    • Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
    • Mitochondria: generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
    • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
    • Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes for cellular recycling
    • Cytoskeleton: provides structural support and shape to cell

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis: process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells
      • Interphase: cell grows and prepares for division
      • Prophase: chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
      • Metaphase: chromosomes line up at cell equator
      • Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
      • Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms
      • Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and cell splits
    • Meiosis: process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)

    Cellular Transport

    • Passive transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
      • Diffusion: random movement of molecules
      • Osmosis: movement of water molecules
    • Active transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
      • Carrier proteins: transport molecules across membrane
      • Pumping: energy-dependent transport

    Microbiology

    Microorganisms

    • Bacteria: prokaryotic cells lacking nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
    • Viruses: infectious particles consisting of genetic material and protein coat
    • Fungi: eukaryotic cells with cell walls containing chitin
    • Protists: eukaryotic cells that don't fit into other kingdoms (e.g., protozoa, algae)

    Microbial Growth and Nutrition

    • Growth: increase in number of cells or biomass
    • Nutrition: obtaining energy and nutrients
      • Autotrophs: produce own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
      • Heterotrophs: obtain energy by consuming other organisms
    • Environmental factors affecting growth:
      • Temperature
      • pH
      • Oxygen availability
      • Nutrient availability

    Microbial Interactions

    • Symbiosis: close, long-term relationships between different species
      • Mutualism: both species benefit
      • Commensalism: one species benefits, other unaffected
      • Parasitism: one species benefits, other harmed
    • Microbial ecology: study of microbial interactions with environment and each other

    Cell Biology

    Cell Structure

    • Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, separating cell from environment
    • Cytoplasm is jelly-like, where metabolic reactions occur
    • Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
    • Mitochondria generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport
    • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
    • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for cellular recycling
    • Cytoskeleton provides structural support and shape to cell

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis is the process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells
    • Interphase is the stage where cell grows and prepares for division
    • Prophase is the stage where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
    • Metaphase is the stage where chromosomes line up at cell equator
    • Anaphase is the stage where sister chromatids separate
    • Telophase is the stage where nuclear envelope reforms
    • Cytokinesis is the stage where cytoplasm divides and cell splits
    • Meiosis is the process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)

    Cellular Transport

    • Passive transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration
    • Diffusion is the random movement of molecules
    • Osmosis is the movement of water molecules
    • Active transport is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
    • Carrier proteins transport molecules across membrane
    • Pumping is an energy-dependent transport

    Microbiology

    Microorganisms

    • Bacteria are prokaryotic cells lacking nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
    • Viruses are infectious particles consisting of genetic material and protein coat
    • Fungi are eukaryotic cells with cell walls containing chitin
    • Protists are eukaryotic cells that don't fit into other kingdoms (e.g., protozoa, algae)

    Microbial Growth and Nutrition

    • Growth is the increase in number of cells or biomass
    • Nutrition is obtaining energy and nutrients
    • Autotrophs produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
    • Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms
    • Environmental factors affecting growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and nutrient availability

    Microbial Interactions

    • Symbiosis is a close, long-term relationship between different species
    • Mutualism is a relationship where both species benefit
    • Commensalism is a relationship where one species benefits, other unaffected
    • Parasitism is a relationship where one species benefits, other harmed
    • Microbial ecology is the study of microbial interactions with environment and each other

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    Description

    Learn about the different components of a cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.

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