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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
What is the process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells?
What is the term for the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without using energy?
What is the term for the close, long-term relationships between different species?
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What is the term for the study of microbial interactions with the environment and each other?
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What is the term for the process of obtaining energy and nutrients?
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What is the term for the type of cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
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What is the term for the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
- Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane separating cell from environment
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell where metabolic reactions occur
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes for cellular recycling
- Cytoskeleton: provides structural support and shape to cell
Cell Division
- Mitosis: process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells
- Interphase: cell grows and prepares for division
- Prophase: chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
- Metaphase: chromosomes line up at cell equator
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and cell splits
- Meiosis: process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)
Cellular Transport
- Passive transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Diffusion: random movement of molecules
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules
- Active transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
- Carrier proteins: transport molecules across membrane
- Pumping: energy-dependent transport
Microbiology
Microorganisms
- Bacteria: prokaryotic cells lacking nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Viruses: infectious particles consisting of genetic material and protein coat
- Fungi: eukaryotic cells with cell walls containing chitin
- Protists: eukaryotic cells that don't fit into other kingdoms (e.g., protozoa, algae)
Microbial Growth and Nutrition
- Growth: increase in number of cells or biomass
- Nutrition: obtaining energy and nutrients
- Autotrophs: produce own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
- Heterotrophs: obtain energy by consuming other organisms
- Environmental factors affecting growth:
- Temperature
- pH
- Oxygen availability
- Nutrient availability
Microbial Interactions
- Symbiosis: close, long-term relationships between different species
- Mutualism: both species benefit
- Commensalism: one species benefits, other unaffected
- Parasitism: one species benefits, other harmed
- Microbial ecology: study of microbial interactions with environment and each other
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
- Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, separating cell from environment
- Cytoplasm is jelly-like, where metabolic reactions occur
- Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for cellular recycling
- Cytoskeleton provides structural support and shape to cell
Cell Division
- Mitosis is the process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells
- Interphase is the stage where cell grows and prepares for division
- Prophase is the stage where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
- Metaphase is the stage where chromosomes line up at cell equator
- Anaphase is the stage where sister chromatids separate
- Telophase is the stage where nuclear envelope reforms
- Cytokinesis is the stage where cytoplasm divides and cell splits
- Meiosis is the process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)
Cellular Transport
- Passive transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Diffusion is the random movement of molecules
- Osmosis is the movement of water molecules
- Active transport is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
- Carrier proteins transport molecules across membrane
- Pumping is an energy-dependent transport
Microbiology
Microorganisms
- Bacteria are prokaryotic cells lacking nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Viruses are infectious particles consisting of genetic material and protein coat
- Fungi are eukaryotic cells with cell walls containing chitin
- Protists are eukaryotic cells that don't fit into other kingdoms (e.g., protozoa, algae)
Microbial Growth and Nutrition
- Growth is the increase in number of cells or biomass
- Nutrition is obtaining energy and nutrients
- Autotrophs produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
- Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms
- Environmental factors affecting growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and nutrient availability
Microbial Interactions
- Symbiosis is a close, long-term relationship between different species
- Mutualism is a relationship where both species benefit
- Commensalism is a relationship where one species benefits, other unaffected
- Parasitism is a relationship where one species benefits, other harmed
- Microbial ecology is the study of microbial interactions with environment and each other
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Description
Learn about the different components of a cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.