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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria in a cell?
What is the process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells?
What is the process of cell division that results in four non-identical daughter cells?
What is the term for the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without using energy?
What is the term for the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without using energy?
What is the term for the close, long-term relationships between different species?
What is the term for the close, long-term relationships between different species?
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What is the term for the study of microbial interactions with the environment and each other?
What is the term for the study of microbial interactions with the environment and each other?
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What is the term for the process of obtaining energy and nutrients?
What is the term for the process of obtaining energy and nutrients?
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What is the term for the type of cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
What is the term for the type of cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
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What is the term for the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration?
What is the term for the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
- Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane separating cell from environment
- Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside cell where metabolic reactions occur
- Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria: generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes for cellular recycling
- Cytoskeleton: provides structural support and shape to cell
Cell Division
- Mitosis: process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells
- Interphase: cell grows and prepares for division
- Prophase: chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
- Metaphase: chromosomes line up at cell equator
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms
- Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides and cell splits
- Meiosis: process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)
Cellular Transport
- Passive transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Diffusion: random movement of molecules
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules
- Active transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
- Carrier proteins: transport molecules across membrane
- Pumping: energy-dependent transport
Microbiology
Microorganisms
- Bacteria: prokaryotic cells lacking nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Viruses: infectious particles consisting of genetic material and protein coat
- Fungi: eukaryotic cells with cell walls containing chitin
- Protists: eukaryotic cells that don't fit into other kingdoms (e.g., protozoa, algae)
Microbial Growth and Nutrition
- Growth: increase in number of cells or biomass
- Nutrition: obtaining energy and nutrients
- Autotrophs: produce own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
- Heterotrophs: obtain energy by consuming other organisms
- Environmental factors affecting growth:
- Temperature
- pH
- Oxygen availability
- Nutrient availability
Microbial Interactions
- Symbiosis: close, long-term relationships between different species
- Mutualism: both species benefit
- Commensalism: one species benefits, other unaffected
- Parasitism: one species benefits, other harmed
- Microbial ecology: study of microbial interactions with environment and each other
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
- Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, separating cell from environment
- Cytoplasm is jelly-like, where metabolic reactions occur
- Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA)
- Mitochondria generates energy for cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes for cellular recycling
- Cytoskeleton provides structural support and shape to cell
Cell Division
- Mitosis is the process of cell division resulting in two daughter cells
- Interphase is the stage where cell grows and prepares for division
- Prophase is the stage where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
- Metaphase is the stage where chromosomes line up at cell equator
- Anaphase is the stage where sister chromatids separate
- Telophase is the stage where nuclear envelope reforms
- Cytokinesis is the stage where cytoplasm divides and cell splits
- Meiosis is the process of cell division resulting in four non-identical daughter cells (gametes)
Cellular Transport
- Passive transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration
- Diffusion is the random movement of molecules
- Osmosis is the movement of water molecules
- Active transport is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
- Carrier proteins transport molecules across membrane
- Pumping is an energy-dependent transport
Microbiology
Microorganisms
- Bacteria are prokaryotic cells lacking nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
- Viruses are infectious particles consisting of genetic material and protein coat
- Fungi are eukaryotic cells with cell walls containing chitin
- Protists are eukaryotic cells that don't fit into other kingdoms (e.g., protozoa, algae)
Microbial Growth and Nutrition
- Growth is the increase in number of cells or biomass
- Nutrition is obtaining energy and nutrients
- Autotrophs produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis
- Heterotrophs obtain energy by consuming other organisms
- Environmental factors affecting growth include temperature, pH, oxygen availability, and nutrient availability
Microbial Interactions
- Symbiosis is a close, long-term relationship between different species
- Mutualism is a relationship where both species benefit
- Commensalism is a relationship where one species benefits, other unaffected
- Parasitism is a relationship where one species benefits, other harmed
- Microbial ecology is the study of microbial interactions with environment and each other
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Description
Learn about the different components of a cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.