Cell Structure and Transport

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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

Prokaryotic cells have a defined nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells have a complex structure. (correct)

What is the primary reason cells divide when they become too large?

The surface area grows slower than volume. (correct)

They need more nutrients.

Cell components begin to malfunction.

They run out of space.

Which type of transport requires energy to move molecules across a membrane?

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion

Active transport (correct)

Passive transport

During osmosis, water moves from areas of _ concentration to areas of _ concentration.

high; low Signup and view all the answers

What role do carrier proteins play in facilitated diffusion?

They assist in the movement of specific molecules across the membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of a semi-permeable membrane?

It only permits certain substances to cross. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the movement of molecules into a cell?

Endocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What drives diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane?

Concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

Which structure carries deoxygenated blood into the heart?

Vena Cavas Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mucus produced by cells lining the trachea and bronchi?

To trap bacteria and dirt particles Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is primarily responsible for gas exchange?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for producing insulin?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

In which section of the small intestine does most digestion occur?

Jejunum Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

It relaxes and moves upward Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the human digestive tract?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

The protective layer surrounding the heart is called the?

Pericardium Signup and view all the answers

What role do villi serve in the intestines?

Increasing surface area for absorption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases primarily affects the respiratory system?

Pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue is primarily responsible for protecting the organism and providing resistance to friction?

Epithelial Tissues Signup and view all the answers

What role does the xylem serve in vascular tissues of plants?

Moves water and minerals from roots to leaves Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of animal tissue?

Ground Tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of white blood cells in the human body?

Protect against infections Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is primarily responsible for respiration in the human body?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of meristematic tissues in plants?

Capable of specialization into any other tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which component of connective tissue specifically connects muscle to bone?

Tendons Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is part of the hierarchy of organization in animals, serving as a combination of various tissue types for a specific function?

Organ Signup and view all the answers

What does the dermis layer of the skin primarily consist of?

Connective, nervous, and muscle tissue Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the walls of blood vessels?

Smooth Muscle Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the inspiration phase of breathing?

Pressure inside the lungs decreases, allowing air to rush in. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the heart is responsible for receiving blood from the veins?

Atria Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?

To exchange materials between blood and tissues. Signup and view all the answers

During digestion, what is the primary role of the stomach?

Breaking down food using hydraulic acids and enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the valves in the heart?

To prevent blood from flowing backwards. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of villi in the small intestine?

To facilitate the absorption of nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What process occurs in the large intestine?

Egestion of waste and absorption of water. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes arteries?

Elastic vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Signup and view all the answers

Which organ primarily performs the functions of ingestion and digestion?

Mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the fluid component of blood?

Plasma Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during a hypertonic environment?

Water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink. Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

S phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of mitosis?

To produce two genetically identical daughter cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by sister chromatids being pulled to opposite poles?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a totipotent stem cell from a pluripotent stem cell?

Totipotent cells can develop into any type of cell, including the placenta. Signup and view all the answers

In what cellular process does cytokinesis occur?

After mitosis is complete. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes embryonic stem cells?

They have the capacity to become any cell type. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in the metaphase stage of mitosis?

Sister chromatids align along the cell's equatorial plane. Signup and view all the answers

What condition is described by a hypotonic environment?

High water concentration outside the cell. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of cell division?

Facilitate photosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during telophase?

Nuclear membranes reform around the chromatids. Signup and view all the answers

Which biological structure is primarily responsible for the division of the cytoplasm in animal cells?

Plasma membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is turgor pressure primarily a result of?

Water moving into the cell. Signup and view all the answers

How often are most human cells replaced on average?

Every 7 years Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

Eukaryotic Cells: Contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Examples include fungi, protozoa, plant, and animal cells.
Prokaryotic Cells: Small, simple structure, lack membrane-bound organelles, have a nucleoid instead of a nucleus. Materials float within the cytoplasm. Examples include bacteria and cyanobacteria.
Cell Size: Cells are small because their volume increases faster than their surface area as they grow, leading to limitations on nutrient intake and waste expulsion. Cells divide when they become too large.
Cell Functions: Intake of nutrients, movement, growth, response to stimuli, reproduction, gas exchange, and waste removal.

Cell Transport

Passive Transport: Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane with the concentration gradient, requiring no energy.
- Diffusion: Movement of solute molecules from high to low concentration, driven by random motion, until equilibrium is reached.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Movement of molecules across a membrane with a protein. Two types: pore and carrier proteins.
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.
Active Transport: Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, using energy and a protein. Includes endocytosis (bringing materials into the cell) and exocytosis (expelling materials out of the cell).

Cell Environments

ECF (Extracellular Fluid): Surrounds all cells.
Hypertonic Environment: High solute concentration, low water concentration. Water moves out of the cell, causing shrinkage.
Isotonic Environment: Equal solute and water concentration. No net movement of water.
Hypotonic Environment: Low solute concentration, high water concentration. Water moves into the cell, causing swelling (turgor pressure).

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Cell Division: Organisms grow by cell division, and repair themselves through it.
Asexual Reproduction: Offspring are genetically identical to the parent.
Sexual Reproduction: Offspring inherit half of their genetic material from each parent.
The Cell Cycle: Interphase (G1, S, G2) and mitosis are involved in cell division.
Mitosis: Cell nuclear division (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) resulting in two identical daughter cells; Cytokinesis—the cell's physical division following mitosis—is not part of mitosis.

Microscopy

Compound Light Microscope: Magnification and resolution tools.

Specialized Cells

Cell Specialization: Different cells have different functions based on their specialized structure and development.
Stem Cells: Unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cells, or remain unspecialized and divide.
- Embryonic Stem Cells: Able to become many different cell types.
- Adult Stem Cells: Can differentiate into a limited range of specialized cell types.
Potency: The differentiation potential of stem cells.
- Totipotent/Omnipotent: Can differentiate into both embryonic and extraembryonic cells and complete a viable organism.
- Pluripotent: Can differentiate into most cell types but not all.

Plant and Animal Tissues

Animal Tissues:
- Epithelial: Protects the body, forms coverings.
- Connective: Supports and connects tissues. Examples include tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone).
- Muscle: Enables movement—skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), and cardiac (heart).
- Nervous: Conducts electrical impulses.
Plant Tissues:
- Epidermal: Outer covering of the plant.
- Vascular: Transports water and nutrients.
- Ground: Involved in food storage.
- Meristematic: Plant stem cells.

Animal Organs

Organs: Structures formed from multiple tissues working together to perform a specific function.
Examples:
- Skin: Protection, thermoregulation, excretion (epidermis, dermis).
- Lungs: Respiration (alveoli, capillaries).
- Heart: Blood circulation (four chambers, valves).

Body Systems:

(Other digestive/circulatory/respiration descriptions) --too detailed for effective study notes.*

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of cell structure and function, focusing on both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Delve into the processes of cell transport, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion. Test your knowledge on how cell size affects function and the importance of cellular processes.