Cell Structure and Transport

Cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material floats freely in the cytoplasm.

Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. They are more complex and larger than prokaryotic cells.

The movement of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without requiring energy.

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

The movement of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy.

The process of bringing large molecules or particles into a cell by engulfing them in a membrane-bound vesicle.

The process of releasing large molecules or particles from a cell by fusing a vesicle containing the material with the cell membrane.

Unspecialized skin cells that can differentiate into other cell types.

Cells that can divide and differentiate into various cell types.

Plant stem cells found in the growing tips of roots and stems, and in the cambium layer.

Groups of similar cells that share the same specialization, structure, and function.

Combination of different tissues working together to perform a specific function.

One or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major body function.

Protects the organism from dehydration and friction. It is a thin sheet of tightly packed cells found on surfaces like the skin and the lining of organs.

Provides support and insulation and holds other tissues together. It is held together by a matrix.

The largest organ in the body. It protects the inner cells, provides defense, releases heat, and excretes bodily wastes.

Tiny air sacs made of a thin layer of epithelial tissue, surrounded by capillaries. Each lung contains about 150 million alveoli.

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to the cell's internal environment. This causes water to leave the cell.

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell's internal environment. This causes water to enter the cell.

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as the cell's internal environment. There is no net movement of water.

The process by which a cell replicates its DNA and divides into two identical daughter cells.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for mitosis.

The first stage of mitosis where the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

The second stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up along the center of the cell.

The third stage of mitosis where sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.

The final stage of mitosis where the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane reforms, and the cell prepares for division.

The division of the cytoplasm to create two daughter cells after mitosis.

Stem cells that can differentiate into all cell types except for placental cells.

Stem cells derived from adult tissues that have a limited ability to differentiate.

The ability of a stem cell to differentiate into different cell types.

The process by which the body takes in nutrients.

The breakdown of large food molecules into smaller ones that the body can absorb.

The process of absorbing digested nutrients into the bloodstream.

The process of removing waste products from the body.

The movement of food through the esophagus.

Muscular contractions that churn and mix food in the stomach.

Small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for absorption.

The main component of feces, indigestible plant material.

Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

The upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the body.

The heart is a vital muscular organ, positioned slightly to the left of your chest, roughly the size of your fist.

A protective layer that surrounds the heart, providing a barrier against injury and infection.

A specialized tissue responsible for generating and coordinating the electrical signals that drive the heartbeat.

This tissue forms crucial blood vessels that deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself.

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body, then pumps it to the right ventricle.

The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs, then pumps it to the left ventricle.

The process of breathing involves the movement of muscles to expand and contract the lungs, creating changes in air pressure that draw air in and push it out.

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air and the bloodstream.

The mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are all part of this complex system.

These finger-like projections increase the surface area of the intestines, allowing for more efficient absorption of nutrients.