Cell Structure and Tissue Types

Cell Structure and Tissue Types

• Enzymes catalyze reactions in cells, with substrates binding to the enzyme's active site.
• The plasma membrane is thin and composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
• Different transport processes include diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Osmotic flow depends on whether the solution is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains the nucleoplasm and nuclear pores.
• Microvilli are finger-shaped projections on the plasma membrane that increase surface area.
• Cilia are extensions of the plasma membrane that can be motile or nonmotile.
• Ribosomes manufacture proteins and can be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
• The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes involved in synthesis, storage, transport, and detoxification.
• Mitochondria provide energy for the cell through energy-producing reactions.
• Tumors can be benign or malignant, with malignant tumors spreading to other tissues.
• Cellular differentiation occurs when specific genes are turned off, leading to specialized cell functions and the formation of tissues.
• Epithelial tissues cover external body surfaces and can be classified based on layers and cell shapes. Connective tissues include connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues. Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes are types of epithelial membranes. Muscle tissues include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles. Nervous tissues transmit electrical impulses and are concentrated in the brain and spinal cord.

Cell Structure and Tissue Types

• Enzymes catalyze reactions that sustain life by interacting with substrates to form products.
• The plasma membrane is a thin structure composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. It facilitates transport processes such as diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
• Osmotic flow occurs when there is a difference in solute concentration between the inside and outside of the cell. Isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions result in different water movements.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell, dictating its function and structure. It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, which contains nuclear pores for substance movement.
• Microvilli are finger-shaped projections on the cell surface that increase its surface area for absorption purposes.
• Cilia are long extensions of the plasma membrane that can be motile or nonmotile, used for movement or sensing signals.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis and come in two major types: free ribosomes spread throughout the cytoplasm and fixed ribosomes attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
• The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of intracellular membranes that synthesize proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, store materials, transport substances, and detoxify drugs or toxins. It has two types: smooth (SER) and rough (RER).
• Mitochondria provide energy for the cell through energy-producing reactions. They have a double membrane, with the inner membrane folded to form cristae.
• Tumors are abnormal cell growths that can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors are usually not life-threatening, while malignant tumors can invade other tissues and spread through metastasis.
• Cellular differentiation occurs when specific genes are turned off, leading to specialized cell types. A collection of specialized cells is called a tissue.
• Epithelial tissues are found on external body surfaces and line passageways. They can be classified based on layers and cell shapes. Connective tissues include connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues (blood and lymph), and supporting connective tissues (cartilage and bone). Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes are different types of epithelial membranes.