Cell Structure and Subcellular Components

Cell Structure

• Different substances that make up a cell are collectively called protoplasm.
• Protoplasm is composed of:
  • Water (70-80%)
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Electrolytes (Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Calcium (Ca2+), Phosphate, Chloride (Cl-), and Bicarbonate (HCO3-))

Subcellular Structures

• Key structures present in a cell include:

  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm and its organelles
  • Nucleus

• DNA: Contains coded information inherited by every single cell.

• Nucleus: The control center of the cell.

• Endoplasmic reticulum: Smooth and rough tubes that move and store materials.

• Lysosome: Site of cell nutrient digestion.

• Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid surrounding the nucleus containing all organelles.

• Cell membrane: A double layer of fatty material allowing materials into and out of the cell.

• Mitochondrion: Produces energy by breaking down substances.

• Golgi complex: Collects, packages, and distributes molecules.

• Ribosome: Protein-producing factories.

• Vacuole: Storage area for fats and other substances.

• Peroxisome: Vesicle with enzymes to detoxify harmful substances.

• Centriole: Involved in cell division.