Cell Structure and Organ Systems Quiz

Cell Structure

Basic Unit of Life: Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms.
Components:
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA); controls cell activities.
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like substance where organelles are suspended.
- Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier regulating entry/exit of substances.
- Organelles:
  - Mitochondria: Energy production (ATP).
  - Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
  - Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein and lipid synthesis (smooth and rough).
  - Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
  - Lysosomes: Digestion and waste removal.

Organ Systems

Skeletal System: Supports body, protects organs, facilitates movement.
Muscular System: Responsible for movement; includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
Circulatory System: Transports blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes; includes heart and blood vessels.
Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange; includes lungs and airways.
Digestive System: Breaks down food; includes mouth, stomach, intestines.
Nervous System: Controls body functions through electrical signals; includes brain, spinal cord, nerves.
Endocrine System: Regulates bodily functions through hormones; includes glands like thyroid, adrenal.
Immune System: Protects against disease; includes lymph nodes, spleen, white blood cells.
Integumentary System: Protects body, regulates temperature; includes skin, hair, nails.
Reproductive System: Produces offspring; includes male and female reproductive organs.

Tissue Types

Epithelial Tissue: Covers body surfaces, lines cavities; functions in protection, absorption, secretion.
Connective Tissue: Supports and binds other tissues; includes bone, blood, adipose tissue.
Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement; types include skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (heart).
Nervous Tissue: Transmits impulses; consists of neurons and supporting cells (glia).

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position: Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.
Directional Terms:
- Superior/Inferior: Above/below.
- Anterior/Posterior: Front/back.
- Medial/Lateral: Closer to midline/further from midline.
- Proximal/Distal: Closer to torso/further from torso.
Planes of Body:
- Sagittal: Divides body into left/right.
- Coronal (Frontal): Divides body into anterior/posterior.
- Transverse: Divides body into superior/inferior.

Homeostasis

Definition: Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
Mechanisms:
- Feedback Loops:
  - Negative Feedback: Reduces output (e.g., temperature regulation).
  - Positive Feedback: Enhances output (e.g., childbirth).
Key Variables: Body temperature, pH, glucose levels, hydration.

Ions and Atoms

Atoms: Basic unit of matter; consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Ions: Charged atoms due to loss or gain of electrons.
- Cations: Positively charged (loss of electrons).
- Anions: Negatively charged (gain of electrons).
Importance: Essential for physiological processes (e.g., nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction).

Carbohydrates and Sugars

Carbohydrates: Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.
- Types:
  - Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose).
  - Disaccharides: Two monosaccharides (e.g., sucrose, lactose).
  - Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Function: Primary energy source; involved in cell structure and signaling.

Bones

Structure: Composed of dense connective tissue; contain collagen fibers and minerals (mainly calcium phosphate).
Types:
- Long Bones: Longer than wide (e.g., femur).
- Short Bones: Cube-like (e.g., carpals).
- Flat Bones: Thin, flattened (e.g., sternum).
- Irregular Bones: Complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae).
Functions:
- Support and protect organs.
- Facilitate movement.
- Store minerals (calcium, phosphorus).
- Produce blood cells (hematopoiesis in bone marrow).

Cell Structure

Cells are the basic unit of life for all organisms.
Nucleus: Houses DNA and regulates cell functions.
Cytoplasm: Gel-like matrix containing organelles.
Cell Membrane: Selectively permeable, controls substance movement in and out.
Organelles:
- Mitochondria: Generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies proteins for transport and delivery.
- Lysosomes: Digestive organelles for waste removal.

Organ Systems

Skeletal System: Provides structure, protects vital organs, and enables movement.
Muscular System: Facilitates all forms of movement, consists of three muscle types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.
Circulatory System: Delivers blood, nutrients, oxygen, and removes wastes; consists of the heart and blood vessels.
Respiratory System: Essential for gas exchange; includes lungs and associated airways.
Digestive System: Breaks down food for nutrient absorption; includes organs like the mouth and intestines.
Nervous System: Commands body functions through electrical impulses; includes the brain and spinal cord.
Endocrine System: Controls body functions via hormones secreted by glands like the thyroid and adrenal.
Immune System: Identifies and combats pathogens; involves lymph nodes and various white blood cells.
Integumentary System: Safeguards body, maintains temperature balance; consists of skin, hair, and nails.
Reproductive System: Produces offspring; encompasses male and female reproductive organs.

Tissue Types

Epithelial Tissue: Protective layer covering surfaces and cavities; involved in absorption and secretion.
Connective Tissue: Supports and connects different body structures; includes bone, blood, and adipose tissue.
Muscle Tissue: Facilitates movement; categorized into three types: voluntary (skeletal), involuntary (smooth), and cardiac.
Nervous Tissue: Conducts electrical impulses; composed of neurons and supportive glial cells.

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Position: Standard position; standing, facing forward, arms at sides, palms up.
Directional Terms:
- Superior/Inferior: Refers to positions above or below.
- Anterior/Posterior: Indicates front or back orientation.
- Medial/Lateral: Closer to or further from the midline.
- Proximal/Distal: Refers to closeness to the torso or extremities.
Planes of Body:
- Sagittal: Splits body into left and right sections.
- Coronal (Frontal): Divides body into front and back halves.
- Transverse: Cuts body into upper and lower parts.

Homeostasis

Definition: The ability to maintain a stable internal environment under varying external conditions.
Mechanisms:
- Feedback Loops: Facilitate internal regulation.
  - Negative Feedback: Works to decrease output, such as in temperature control.
  - Positive Feedback: Enhances processes, examples include childbirth.
Key Variables: Homeostasis encompasses body temperature, pH levels, glucose levels, hydration status.

Ions and Atoms

Atoms: The smallest units of matter, made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Ions: Electrically charged atoms formed by the gain or loss of electrons.
- Cations: Positively charged due to electron loss.
- Anions: Negatively charged due to electron gain.
Importance: Vital for various physiological functions, including nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

Carbohydrates and Sugars

Carbohydrates: Organic molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Types:
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars like glucose and fructose.
- Disaccharides: Composed of two monosaccharides, e.g., sucrose and lactose.
- Polysaccharides: Long chains of monosaccharides such as starch and cellulose.
Function: Acts as the primary energy source and plays roles in cellular structure and signaling.

Bones

Structure: Made of dense connective tissue, rich in collagen and minerals, primarily calcium phosphate.
Types:
- Long Bones: Longer than they are wide (e.g., femur).
- Short Bones: Roughly cube-shaped (e.g., carpals).
- Flat Bones: Thin and flat (e.g., sternum).
- Irregular Bones: Complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae).
Functions:
- Provides support and protection for organs.
- Facilitates movement via leverage for muscles.
- Stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
- Produces blood cells through hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.