Cell Structure and Functions Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the study of individual cells known as?

  • Organology
  • Histology
  • Microscopic anatomy
  • Cytology (correct)

    • Which level of organization involves groups of cells working together to perform a specific function?

  • Organ systems
  • Tissues (correct)
  • Organs
  • Cells

    • What does organology specifically study?

  • Structure of individual cells
  • The overall function of organ systems
  • Groups of cells in isolation
  • Organs or groups of tissues arranged in a specific pattern (correct)

    • What is the definition of microscopic anatomy?

    <p>Exploration of cells and structures using a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the levels of organization in the body?

    <p>Several organs combine to form organ systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of fixation in histology?

    <p>To preserve tissues and prevent structural change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique involves using high temperatures to eliminate organic matter in cells?

    <p>Microincineration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does differential centrifugation achieve in histology?

    <p>It isolates pure fractions of specific cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method involves the use of beams of UV radiation to selectively irradiate areas of living cells?

    <p>Use of radiation probes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The frozen section method is primarily used for which purpose?

    <p>To perform rapid diagnosis during surgeries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods employs high magnification and specialized tools for mechanical operations?

    <p>Mechanical micromanipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do stains play in histology?

    <p>They enhance the visibility of cellular structures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation method utilizes a phase contrast microscope?

    <p>Direct observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antigens play in the immune system?

    <p>They are crucial for organ and tissue development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cell membrane is responsible for regulating its fluidity?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the cytosol within the cytoplasm?

    <p>70% water and dissolved organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of mitochondria?

    <p>They generate energy for the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the cytoplasm?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used fixative?

    <p>Formalin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is performed first in the preparation of a histological section?

    <p>Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fixation is used for preserving intracellular structures?

    <p>Cytological fixatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which procedure involves encasing tissue in paraffin wax?

    <p>Embedding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acidic stains in microscopy?

    <p>Stain the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscope uses visible light for viewing specimens?

    <p>Optical microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the cell membrane's structure?

    <p>It contains a trilaminar structure of lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do carbohydrates play in the cell membrane?

    <p>Cell-cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is responsible for communication?

    <p>Cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement unit corresponds to 1 micrometer?

    <p>0.001 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ribosomes within a cell?

    <p>Production of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for processing and packaging proteins received from the endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Golgi complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones?

    <p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of lysosomes within a cell?

    <p>Intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in cellular movement?

    <p>Microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport requires energy to move substances across the membrane?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of peroxisomes in cells?

    <p>Metabolizing fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nuclear envelope?

    <p>Double membrane surrounding the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align at the cell's equator?

    <p>Metaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the process by which water moves across a selectively permeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a component of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

    <p>Presence of ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is essential for chromosome organization during cell division?

    <p>Centriole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the basic structural units of chromatin called?

    <p>Nucleosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Cell Structure and Functions

    • Basic unit of life is the cell; all living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
    • Cytology refers to the study of individual cells, while histology examines tissues using a microscope.
    • Organology focuses on studying organs made up of tissue groupings.

    Levels of Organization

    • The human body consists of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, each with specific roles in maintaining homeostasis.
    • Cells are the smallest units capable of independent existence.

    Histological Methods

    • Direct observation techniques include the use of phase contrast microscopes.
    • Cell, tissue, and organ cultures allow for detailed study of structural and functional properties.
    • Mechanical micromanipulation involves high magnification techniques for examining cells.
    • Differential centrifugation isolates cell components like nuclei and mitochondria.

    Preparation of Histological Section

    • Fixation preserves tissue structure, commonly using formalin.
    • Dehydration immerses tissue in increasing concentrations of alcohol.
    • Clearing chemicals (e.g., xylol) render tissues transparent before embedding in paraffin wax.
    • Sectioning utilizes a microtome to cut thin slices for examination under a microscope.

    Staining Techniques

    • Hematoxylin and Eosin are standard stains used for histological observation.
    • Stains can be categorized as acidic, basic, or neutral based on their behavior in the tissue.

    Microscopy Measurement Units

    • Uses SI units; micrometers and nanometers are standard measurements in microscopy.

    Optical Microscopy

    • Various types include phase contrast, fluorescence, darkfield, and electron microscopy, each serving different purposes for cell study.

    Cell Structure

    • The cell is the basic morphological and functional unit, with eukaryotic and prokaryotic classifications.
    • Cell functions include metabolism, synthesis of molecules, communication, and reproduction.

    Cell Membrane

    • Composed of a trilaminar structure providing protection and selective permeability.
    • Proteins embedded in the membrane facilitate communication and transport.
    • The fluid mosaic model depicts how lipids and proteins are in constant motion.

    Cytoplasm

    • Contains organelles, inclusions, and fibrillar elements for structural support.
    • Organelles like mitochondria generate energy, while ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

    Organelles Overview

    • Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles abundant in active cells.
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is classified as rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (for lipid synthesis).

    Golgi Complex

    • Processes and packages proteins from the ER; consists of cisternae and vesicles.

    Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

    • Lysosomes contain enzymes for digestion, while peroxisomes handle metabolic reactions.

    Centrosomes and Microtubules

    • Centrosomes organize microtubules essential for cell division and the formation of cilia.

    Nucleus Structure

    • The largest cell structure housing the genetic material; composed of nuclear envelope, chromatin, and nucleolus.
    • Chromatin condenses into chromosomes for mitosis; human cells contain 46 chromosomes.

    Cell Reproduction

    • Mitosis involves several phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

    Movement Across Cell Membrane

    • Passive transport mechanisms include diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration, all operating without energy.
    • Active transport requires energy to move substances against concentration gradients, encompassing endocytosis and exocytosis processes.

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    Histology Module 1: Cell and Introduction PDF

    Description

    Test your understanding of the basic unit of life with this quiz on cell structure and functions. Gain insights into histology and explore the ultrastructure and functions of cells, alongside histological images. Perfect for students beginning their journey into the world of cellular biology.

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