Cell Structure and Functions

Cell Structure

• Cell membrane: semi-permeable, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
• Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane, site of metabolic reactions
• Nucleus: contains DNA, controls cell growth and reproduction
• Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): transports proteins and lipids, involved in protein synthesis
• Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
• Lysosomes: breaks down and recycles cellular waste and foreign substances
• Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport

Cell Function

• Metabolism: series of chemical reactions that occur within the cell
• Photosynthesis: process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy
• Cellular respiration: process by which cells generate energy from glucose
• Cell signaling: cells communicate with each other through signaling pathways
• Cell division: cells reproduce through mitosis or meiosis
• Apoptosis: programmed cell death, eliminates damaged or unwanted cells

Cell Transport

• Passive transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
  • Diffusion: random movement of molecules
  • Osmosis: movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
• Active transport: movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requires energy
  • Pumping: uses energy to pump molecules against their gradient
  • Carrier proteins: transport molecules across the cell membrane

Cell Cycle

• Interphase: cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for cell division
• Mitosis: process of cell division, resulting in two daughter cells
• Cytokinesis: process of cytoplasmic division
• Meiosis: process of gamete formation, resulting in four non-identical daughter cells

Cell Structure

• Cell membrane is semi-permeable, regulating what enters and leaves the cell
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane, where metabolic reactions occur
• Nucleus contains DNA and controls cell growth and reproduction
• Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transports proteins and lipids and is involved in protein synthesis
• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
• Lysosomes break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances
• Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins and lipids for transport

Cell Function

• Metabolism involves a series of chemical reactions that occur within the cell
• Photosynthesis is the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy
• Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose
• Cell signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other through signaling pathways
• Cell division occurs through mitosis or meiosis
• Apoptosis is programmed cell death, eliminating damaged or unwanted cells

Cell Transport

• Passive transport involves the movement of molecules from high to low concentration
• Diffusion is the random movement of molecules
• Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
• Active transport involves the movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy
• Pumping uses energy to pump molecules against their gradient
• Carrier proteins transport molecules across the cell membrane

Cell Cycle

• Interphase involves cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for cell division
• Mitosis is the process of cell division, resulting in two daughter cells
• Cytokinesis is the process of cytoplasmic division
• Meiosis is the process of gamete formation, resulting in four non-identical daughter cells