Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Prokaryotic Cells: Simple, unicellular organisms (e.g., bacteria); no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells: Complex, can be unicellular or multicellular (e.g., plants, animals); have a nucleus and organelles.
Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier, regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Organelles:
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of cellular respiration.
- Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  - Rough ER: Protein synthesis and processing.
  - Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis and detoxification.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes: Digests waste materials and cellular debris.

DNA Structure: Double helix composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
Genes: Segments of DNA that code for proteins; fundamental units of heredity.
Genetic Variation: Caused by mutations, gene recombination, and independent assortment during meiosis.
Mendelian Genetics:
- Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits assort independently.

Natural Selection: Mechanism of evolution where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies in a population.
Speciation: Formation of new species through processes like allopatric and sympatric speciation.

Ecosystems: Communities of living organisms interacting with their environment.
Biodiversity: Variety of life in the world, crucial for ecosystem resilience.
Food Chains and Webs: Describes the flow of energy and nutrients through trophic levels.
Biomes: Large areas characterized by specific climate conditions, plant and animal communities (e.g., tundra, rainforest).

Body Systems:
- Circulatory System: Transports nutrients, gases, and waste; includes heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Respiratory System: Responsible for gas exchange; includes lungs and airways.
- Digestive System: Breaks down food for energy; includes stomach, intestines.
- Nervous System: Controls body responses; includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
- Endocrine System: Regulates body functions through hormones.

Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment (temperature, pH, etc.).
Metabolism: Chemical reactions in the body; includes catabolism (breaking down) and anabolism (building up).

Bacteria: Prokaryotic microorganisms; can be beneficial or pathogenic.
Viruses: Infectious agents; require a host cell to reproduce and are not considered living organisms.
Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms; decomposers that break down organic material.

Genetic Engineering: Manipulation of an organism's DNA to achieve desired traits (e.g., GMOs).
CRISPR: A technology for editing genes, allowing for precise modifications in DNA.

Habitat Loss: Reduction or destruction of habitats, a major threat to biodiversity.
Endangered Species: Species at risk of extinction; conservation efforts important for their survival.
Sustainable Practices: Strategies to balance ecological health with human needs.

Prokaryotic Cells: Simple, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells: Complex, possessing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and exits the cell.
Nucleus: Stores the genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Rough ER: Modifies proteins.
- Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids.
Golgi Apparatus: Packages proteins and lipids.
Lysosomes: Break down waste materials.

DNA: Constructed of two strands of nucleotides, forming a double helix.
Genes: Segments of DNA that determine specific traits.
Genetic Variation: Arises from mutations and the shuffling of genes during sexual reproduction.
Mendelian Genetics:
- Law of Segregation: Alleles separate during gamete formation.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Genes assort independently.

Natural Selection: Individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to evolutionary change.
Genetic Drift: Random fluctuations in allele frequencies within a population.
Speciation: Formation of new species through mechanisms like geographic isolation or adaptation to different environments.

Ecosystems: Interacting communities of living organisms and their environment.
Biodiversity: Variety of life on Earth—essential for healthy ecosystems.
Food Chains and Webs: Depict the flow of energy and nutrients between organisms.
Biomes: Large regions characterized by specific climate patterns and communities.

Body Systems:
- Circulatory System: Transports blood, nutrients, and waste products.
- Respiratory System: Responsible for gas exchange.
- Digestive System: Breaks down food into energy.
- Nervous System: Controls bodily functions and responses.
- Endocrine System: Regulates hormones for various functions.

Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
Metabolism: Chemical processes in the body for energy production and growth.

Genetic Engineering: Manipulating an organism's DNA to achieve specific traits.
CRISPR: A technology for precisely editing genes.

Habitat Loss: Destruction of habitats, posing a significant threat to biodiversity.
Endangered Species: Species at risk of extinction, necessitating conservation efforts.
Sustainable Practices: Balancing human needs with ecological health.