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Questions and Answers
Which organ system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
Which organ system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body?
- Skeletal System
- Digestive System
- Circulatory System (correct)
- Respiratory System
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) primarily functions in protein synthesis.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) primarily functions in protein synthesis.
False (B)
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system's primary function is to protect the body against pathogens and diseases by producing antibodies and white blood cells.
The process of breaking down food into usable nutrients begins in the ______.
The process of breaking down food into usable nutrients begins in the ______.
Match the following organelles with their primary function:
Match the following organelles with their primary function:
Which organelle is responsible for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances?
Which organelle is responsible for breaking down fatty acids and detoxifying harmful substances?
Plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not.
Plant cells have a cell wall, but animal cells do not.
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
The jelly-like substance within a cell where cellular processes occur and organelles are suspended is called the ______.
The jelly-like substance within a cell where cellular processes occur and organelles are suspended is called the ______.
Match the following cell structures with their primary functions:
Match the following cell structures with their primary functions:
Flashcards
Lysosomes
Lysosomes
Organelles containing digestive enzymes to break down waste.
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts
Organelles in plant cells that convert light energy into glucose.
Cell Wall
Cell Wall
A rigid structure in plant cells providing support and protection.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
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Cell Specialization
Cell Specialization
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Levels of Organization
Levels of Organization
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Circulatory System
Circulatory System
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Digestive System
Digestive System
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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
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Excretory System
Excretory System
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Integumentary System
Integumentary System
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Nervous System
Nervous System
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells specialize in functions, using only needed DNA. This specialization is essential for system function.
- Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, organs form organ systems.
- Cells have specific organelles with specialized roles.
Cell Organelles
- Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls cell activities.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP.
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes, break down waste.
- Peroxisomes: Break down fatty acids, detoxify.
- Chloroplasts (Plant Cells): Conduct photosynthesis, convert light energy to glucose.
- Vacuoles: Store nutrients and waste, maintain turgor pressure (especially large central vacuole in plant cells).
- Cell Membrane: Regulates substance entry/exit, provides protection and support.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance, houses organelles and cellular processes.
- Centrioles (Animal Cells): Organize mitotic spindle during cell division.
- Cell Wall (Plant Cells): Provides rigidity, structural support, and protection.
Cell Types and Differences
- Plant Cells: Contain cell walls, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole. Generally rectangular or box shaped.
- Animal Cells: Do not contain cell walls, chloroplasts, or large central vacuoles.
- Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Generally smaller. Circular DNA in nucleoid region. 70S ribosomes. Divide by binary fission.
- Eukaryotic Cells: Possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Generally larger. Linear chromosomes within the nucleus. 80S ribosomes. Divide by mitosis (and meiosis).
Major Organ Systems
- Circulatory System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, removes carbon dioxide and waste. Consists of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).
- Digestive System: Breaks down food to extract nutrients. Begins in the mouth with saliva, continues in the stomach (with acids), and most absorption occurs in the small intestine.
- Endocrine System: Regulates long-term body functions using hormones. Chemical messengers secreted by glands.
- Excretory System: Maintains osmotic balance, eliminates metabolic wastes (kidneys, liver, skin are key organs).
- Integumentary System: Largest organ (skin). Protects underlying organs, regulates temperature, prevents water loss.
- Lymphatic and Immune System: Protects against pathogens, swells during infections. Produces antibodies and white blood cells.
- Muscular System: Facilitates movement by acting on bones.
- Nervous System: Coordinates immediate bodily actions and responses, regulates short-term activity.
- Reproductive System: Allows for species continuation via reproduction.
- Respiratory System: Facilitates oxygen intake for ATP generation, excretes carbon dioxide.
- Skeletal System: Provides structure, support, protects organs, produces blood cells in bone marrow.
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