Podcast
Questions and Answers
The process of cell division is known as ______.
mitosis
Ribosomes are essential for ______ synthesis.
protein
Mitochondria are known as the ______ of the cell.
powerhouse
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of ______ concentration to an area of lower concentration.
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Osmosis is the diffusion of ______ across a partially permeable membrane.
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Cells can absorb mineral ions from the soil through ______.
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The number of ______ doubles during the process of mitosis.
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The process by which DNA ______ involves the replication of genetic material.
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The ______ contains genetic information that controls the functions of the cell.
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The ______ regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
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Muscle cells contain protein fibres that can contract when energy is available, making the cells ______.
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A light microscope has a maximum magnification of ______x.
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Many cell activities and chemical reactions occur in the ______.
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The ______ provides energy for the cell from aerobic respiration.
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The cells in xylem have a ______ cell wall to allow water to move through.
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Phloem cells have very little ______ for sugars to move through easily.
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Ribosomes are responsible for synthesizing (making) ______.
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Photosynthesis occurs in the ______.
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Root hair cells have long extensions to increase surface area for water and mineral ______.
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An electron microscope has a much higher magnification, up to ______x.
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______ store water and chemicals as cell sap and help strengthen the cell.
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A centimetre is equivalent to ______m.
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The ______ is a loop of DNA not enclosed within a nucleus.
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A micrometre is represented in standard form as ______.
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A nanometre is equal to ______m.
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Mitochondria are often present in cells for ______ transport.
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Absorption of sugar molecules from a ______ solution involves moving against a concentration gradient.
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The greater the difference in ______, the faster the rate of diffusion.
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Particles move more quickly at higher ______, increasing the rate of diffusion.
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The greater the surface area of the membrane, the quicker the rate of ______.
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Embryonic stem cells have the ability to divide into most types of ______.
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Adult stem cells can divide into a limited number of cell ______.
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Therapeutic cloning involves using embryonic stem cells to ensure genetic ______.
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The process of transporting molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration is known as ______ transport.
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not. Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic, and bacterial cells are prokaryotic. A chart details which structures are present in each type.
Specialized Cells
- Sperm Cell: Has an acrosome with enzymes to penetrate the egg, a tail for movement, and many mitochondria for energy.
- Nerve Cell: Long to transmit electrical signals over distances.
- Muscle Cell: Contains protein fibers that contract when energy is available, resulting in shorter cells.
- Root Hair Cell: Long extension increasing surface area for water and mineral absorption; thin cell wall.
- Xylem Cell: Waterproofed cell wall and hollow for water transport.
- Phloem Cell: Some cells have lots of mitochondria for active transport, while others have little cytoplasm to efficiently transport sugars.
Microscopy
- Magnification: The degree to which an object is enlarged.
- Resolution: The ability to distinguish detail in an image
- Light Microscope: Basic microscope with a maximum magnification of 1500x; low resolution, useful for observing larger structures.
- Electron Microscope: Higher magnification (up to 500,000x) than a light microscope; higher resolution allowing for detailed study of cell structures
Orders of Magnitude (Units)
- Converts units from metres to other units (nanometers, micrometres, millimetres, centimetres)
Cell Cycle
- Mitosis (or Cell Division): The process by which cells replicate. Stages are detailed: chromosomes double, one set pulled to cell ends, nucleus divides, and cell membranes divide.
- Stem Cells: Embryonic stem cells can develop into many different cell types; adult stem cells make certain cell types (bone marrow creates blood cells etc), meristem stem cells in plants. Properties and uses of stem cells are outlined (therapeutic cloning, cloning rare species to prevent extinction)
Transport Across Membranes
- Diffusion: The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
- Osmosis: The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.
- Active Transport: The movement of substances from less to more concentrated areas (against the concentration gradient), requiring energy.
Factors Affecting Diffusion
- Concentration gradient: A larger difference means faster diffusion.
- Temperature: Higher temperature increases particle movement for faster diffusion.
- Surface Area: Larger surface area results in faster diffusion.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, as well as the specialized functions of various cell types. This quiz covers topics including sperm, nerve, muscle, root hair, xylem, and phloem cells, along with microscopy principles. Discover the unique features that enable each cell type to perform its role in living organisms.
