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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of cytology?
What is the primary focus of cytology?
According to the modern cell theory, what is the fundamental unit of life?
According to the modern cell theory, what is the fundamental unit of life?
Which statement is NOT a principle of modern cell theory?
Which statement is NOT a principle of modern cell theory?
Which of the following statements about cells is true?
Which of the following statements about cells is true?
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What are prokaryotic cells primarily classified into?
What are prokaryotic cells primarily classified into?
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Which of the following is considered a unicellular organism?
Which of the following is considered a unicellular organism?
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Where is DNA primarily located in a cell?
Where is DNA primarily located in a cell?
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Which category do algae fall under?
Which category do algae fall under?
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What is a key difference in the size of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is a key difference in the size of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
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What is a common feature of organelles in eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
What is a common feature of organelles in eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?
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How do the flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?
How do the flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?
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What characterizes the cell wall of prokaryotic cells compared to that of eukaryotic cells?
What characterizes the cell wall of prokaryotic cells compared to that of eukaryotic cells?
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Which characteristic is true for eukaryotic cells but not for prokaryotic cells?
Which characteristic is true for eukaryotic cells but not for prokaryotic cells?
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What is the size of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
What is the size of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?
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Which method of cell division is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which method of cell division is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
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Which statement accurately describes the chromosome arrangement in eukaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately describes the chromosome arrangement in eukaryotic cells?
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Cyanobacteria are classified as which type of cell?
Cyanobacteria are classified as which type of cell?
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Which part of the bacterial cell envelope is responsible for maintaining the cell's shape?
Which part of the bacterial cell envelope is responsible for maintaining the cell's shape?
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What defines the level of organization in prokaryotic cells?
What defines the level of organization in prokaryotic cells?
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Which structure is present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?
Which structure is present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?
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Which reproductive method is unique to prokaryotic cells?
Which reproductive method is unique to prokaryotic cells?
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What type of movement do paramecia use?
What type of movement do paramecia use?
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What structural feature is absent in prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?
What structural feature is absent in prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?
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What is the primary composition of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the primary composition of the cell wall in plant cells?
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How do amoebas primarily move?
How do amoebas primarily move?
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Which of the following structures is typically large in plant cells but much smaller in animal cells?
Which of the following structures is typically large in plant cells but much smaller in animal cells?
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What feature distinguishes the shape of animal cells from plant cells?
What feature distinguishes the shape of animal cells from plant cells?
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In which type of cells are plastids primarily found?
In which type of cells are plastids primarily found?
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Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?
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What is the primary function of ribosomes?
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
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Which structure permits exchange between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm?
Which structure permits exchange between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm?
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Which organelles contain chromatin?
Which organelles contain chromatin?
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What describes the arrangement of ribosomes in the cell?
What describes the arrangement of ribosomes in the cell?
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Which of the following organelles is independent and self-sufficient?
Which of the following organelles is independent and self-sufficient?
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What composes the dark nucleolus within the nucleus?
What composes the dark nucleolus within the nucleus?
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What connects the endoplasmic reticulum to the nuclear envelope?
What connects the endoplasmic reticulum to the nuclear envelope?
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What is the main function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
What is the main function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
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What role does the Golgi apparatus play in the cell?
What role does the Golgi apparatus play in the cell?
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Which of the following correctly describes Lysosomes?
Which of the following correctly describes Lysosomes?
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What is a primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
What is a primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
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Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the ATP utilized by the cell?
Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the ATP utilized by the cell?
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What is the purpose of using iodine or Neutral Red when preparing a wet mount of onion epidermal cells?
What is the purpose of using iodine or Neutral Red when preparing a wet mount of onion epidermal cells?
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What is the main purpose of adding Janus Green B with 7% sucrose when preparing wet mounts to see mitochondria?
What is the main purpose of adding Janus Green B with 7% sucrose when preparing wet mounts to see mitochondria?
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Which of the following best describes plastids?
Which of the following best describes plastids?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cytology is the study of cell structure and function
- Cytologists use light microscopy and electron microscopy
- A cell is the fundamental unit of all living organisms
- Cells are the smallest unit capable of performing all life functions and replicating independently
Modern Cell Theory Principles
- All living things are made up of one or more cells
- All living cells arise from pre-existing cells
- The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms
- The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells
- Energy flow occurs within cells
- Cells contain DNA in chromosomes and RNA in the nucleus and cytoplasm
- All cells have similar chemical composition within similar species
Cell Categories
-
Prokaryotes:
- Unicellular organisms
- Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea (live in extreme habitats)
-
Eukaryotes:
- Unicellular organisms: Protozoa
- Multicellular organisms: Animals, Plants, Fungi, and Algae
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Size: Prokaryotes are small (0.1-5.0 µm), Eukaryotes are large (10-100 µm)
- Nucleus: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, Eukaryotes have a true nucleus with a nuclear membrane and nucleoli
- Membrane-enclosed organelles: Prokaryotes lack, Eukaryotes have
- Flagella: Prokaryotes consist of two protein building blocks, Eukaryotes consist of multiple microtubules
- Cell wall: Prokaryotic cell walls (usually present) are chemically complex, often including peptidoglycan; Eukaryotic cell walls (when present) are chemically simple
- Plasma membrane: Prokaryotic membranes contain no carbohydrates and generally lack sterols; Eukaryotic contain sterols and carbohydrates that serve as receptors
- Cytoplasm: Prokaryotes lack a cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming; Eukaryotes have both
- Ribosomes: Prokaryotes have smaller size (70S); Eukaryotes have larger size (80S)
- Chromosomes: Prokaryotes contain a single circular chromosome lacking histones; Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes with histones
- Cell division: Prokaryotes undergo binary fission, Eukaryotes divide via mitosis or meiosis
- Reproduction: Prokaryotic reproduction is asexual or transfer of DNA fragments; Eukaryotic reproduction is both asexual and sexual
- Level of organization: Prokaryotes are unicellular, Eukaryotes are unicellular or multicellular
Fundamental Structure of All Cells
- Plasma membrane
- Cytosol
- Genetic material (chromosome & DNA)
- Ribosomes
Examples of Prokaryotes
- Cyanobacteria: Large prokaryotes, formerly called blue-green algae; contain chlorophyll a and accessory pigments for photosynthesis (e.g., Oscillatoria and Gloeocapsa).
- Bacteria: Smaller than cyanobacteria, lack chlorophyll (e.g., Lactobacillus)
Bacterial Shapes
- Bacilli (rod-shaped)
- Cocci (spherical)
- Spirilla (spiral-shaped)
- Spirochetes (spiral-shaped)
Structure of Bacteria
- Cell envelope: Includes a lipid bilayer plasma membrane with embedded and peripheral proteins, a cell wall (strengthened by peptidoglycan), and a glycocalyx (polysaccharide layer, often organized as a capsule)
Eukaryotic Cells
- Protists: (e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium, Spirogyra) examples of unicellular eukaryotes
- Fungi
- Plants
- Animals
Practical Parts for Wet Mount Preparation
- Specimens: Elodea plant epidermis, potato, yogurt, onion epidermal cells, cheek epithelium
- Staining: Iodine, Janus Green B, 7% sucrose, Neutral red, Methylene blue
- Specific parts of cells to identify.
Wet Mount Slides
- Steps to prepare wet mounts for onion and geranium leaf cells, and cheek epithelium. Includes descriptions and diagrams.
Organelles (Eukaryotic Cells)
-
Endomembrane system: Organelles that communicate via membrane channels
- Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Vesicles
- Energy-related organelles: Mitochondria and chloroplasts (basic independent and self-sufficient)
Nucleus
- Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
- Contains chromatin containing DNA of genes & proteins
- Contains nucleolus producing rRNA subunits of ribosomes
- Chromatin condenses to chromosomes during cell division
Ribosomes
- Organelle responsible for protein synthesis
- Composed of large and small subunits
- Located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and free in the cytoplasm (polyribosomes)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Network of membranes inside the cell
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes to synthesize and modify proteins; add sugar to form glycoproteins
- Smooth ER: Not bound with ribosomes for lipid synthesis, site for synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage
Golgi Apparatus
- A cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially those destined to be exported from the cell
Lysosomes
- Membrane-enclosed organelles produced by the Golgi apparatus
- Contain powerful digestive enzymes
- Function in digesting large molecules and recycling resources (apoptosis)
Mitochondria
- Contain ribosomes and their own DNA
- Produce most of the ATP utilized by the cell via cellular respiration
- Have a double membrane, inner membrane with cristae, intermembrane space, and matrix
Plastids
- Different types (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, elaioplasts, proteinoplasts)
- Involved in various functions like chlorophyll synthesis, storage, and enzyme activity
Differences between Animal and Plant Cells
- Animal cells commonly lack a cell wall
- Plant cells contain a central vacuole which can take up to 90% of the cell volume
- Plant cells have chloroplasts, while Animal cells do not.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell structure and function through this quiz. Explore the concepts of cytology, modern cell theory principles, and the categories of cells including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Perfect for students of biology or anyone interested in the fundamentals of life.
