Cell Structure and Function Quiz
45 Questions
4 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of cytology?

  • Study of cellular structure and function (correct)
  • Study of genetic variations in species
  • Study of ecosystems and their interactions
  • Study of chemical reactions in organisms

According to the modern cell theory, what is the fundamental unit of life?

  • Proton
  • Cell (correct)
  • Molecule
  • Organism

Which statement is NOT a principle of modern cell theory?

  • All organisms are made of one or more cells
  • All cells are capable of independent replication
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells by division
  • Energy metabolism occurs outside cells (correct)

Which of the following statements about cells is true?

<p>Cells are capable of performing all life functions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are prokaryotic cells primarily classified into?

<p>Bacteria and Archaea (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a unicellular organism?

<p>Bacteria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA primarily located in a cell?

<p>In chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category do algae fall under?

<p>Multicellular organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference in the size of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells are typically 0.1-5.0 µm in diameter, while eukaryotic cells are 10-100 µm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotic cells contain a true nucleus consisting of a nuclear membrane and nucleoli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of organelles in eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

<p>All organelles in eukaryotic cells are located in the cytoplasm. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ?

<p>Prokaryotic flagella consist of two protein building blocks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the cell wall of prokaryotic cells compared to that of eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cell walls often contain peptidoglycan. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for eukaryotic cells but not for prokaryotic cells?

<p>Presence of sterols and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

<p>70S (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of cell division is characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

<p>Binary fission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the chromosome arrangement in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Linear and multiple (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyanobacteria are classified as which type of cell?

<p>Prokaryotic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the bacterial cell envelope is responsible for maintaining the cell's shape?

<p>Cell wall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the level of organization in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Unicellular (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is present in plant cells but absent in animal cells?

<p>Chloroplast (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reproductive method is unique to prokaryotic cells?

<p>Asexual or transfer of DNA fragments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement do paramecia use?

<p>Cilia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature is absent in prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?

<p>Cytoskeleton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

<p>Cellulose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do amoebas primarily move?

<p>Pseudopodia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is typically large in plant cells but much smaller in animal cells?

<p>Vacuole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the shape of animal cells from plant cells?

<p>Fixed shape in plant cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of cells are plastids primarily found?

<p>Lower plant forms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

<p>Nuclear envelope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

<p>Protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure permits exchange between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm?

<p>Nuclear pores (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles contain chromatin?

<p>Nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the arrangement of ribosomes in the cell?

<p>Can be found free or on rough endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles is independent and self-sufficient?

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What composes the dark nucleolus within the nucleus?

<p>Ribonucleic acid (RNA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connects the endoplasmic reticulum to the nuclear envelope?

<p>Membrane network (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

<p>Synthesis and modification of proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Golgi apparatus play in the cell?

<p>Processes and packages proteins and lipids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes Lysosomes?

<p>Are involved in programmed cell death (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

<p>Synthesis of lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for producing most of the ATP utilized by the cell?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using iodine or Neutral Red when preparing a wet mount of onion epidermal cells?

<p>To visualize cell structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of adding Janus Green B with 7% sucrose when preparing wet mounts to see mitochondria?

<p>To stain cellular organelles for clarity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes plastids?

<p>Cellular organelles that perform photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cytology

The study of cellular structure and function.

Cell

The basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all living things.

Modern Cell Theory (Principle 1)

All living things are made of one or more cells.

Modern Cell Theory (Principle 2)

All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modern Cell Theory (Principle 3)

Cells are the fundamental units of life, structure, and function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modern Cell Theory (Principle 4)

Organism's activity arises from the total activity of its cells

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modern Cell Theory (Principle 5)

Energy flow occurs within cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modern Cell Theory (Principle 6)

Cells contain DNA(chromosomes) and RNA(nucleus & cytoplasm).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Modern Cell Theory (Principle 7)

Cells from similar species have similar chemical composition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotes

Single-celled or multicellular organisms with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unicellular Organisms

Organisms composed of a single cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multicellular Organisms

Organisms composed of multiple cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotic cell size

Small, typically 0.1-5.0 µm in diameter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotic cell size

Large, typically 10-100 µm in diameter.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotic nucleus

No membrane-bound nucleus; nucleoid region.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotic nucleus

True nucleus with a nuclear membrane and nucleolus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotic organelles

Absent; organelles are not membrane-bound.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotic organelles

Present; membrane-bound organelles (e.g., mitochondria, Golgi).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotic flagella

Simple, composed of two protein building blocks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotic flagella

Complex, composed of multiple microtubules.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotic cell wall

Usually present and chemically complex (e.g., peptidoglycan).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotic cell wall

Present (in some cases) but chemically simpler than prokaryotic.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Prokaryotic Cell

A single-celled organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotic Cell

A cell with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasma Membrane

The outer boundary of a cell, separating the cell's interior from the external environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance inside the cell, surrounding the nucleus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein filaments that provides internal structure and support in eukaryotic cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ribosomes

Cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromosome

A thread-like structure of DNA containing genetic information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Binary Fission

A type of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cyanobacteria

A type of prokaryotic bacteria that can perform photosynthesis

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bacteria shapes

Bacteria can take various shapes

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell Division

The process of a cell replicating itself, making a copy

Signup and view all the flashcards

Bacterial Cell Envelope

The outer covering of bacteria, composed of plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycocalyx.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plasma membrane (bacteria)

A lipid bilayer in bacteria that regulates the passage of substances.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cell wall (bacteria)

A rigid structure outside the plasma membrane, providing shape and strength.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Glycocalyx (bacteria)

A sugary layer outside the cell wall, sometimes organized into a capsule.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Amoeba Movement

Amoeba moves using pseudopodia and engulfs food.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Paramecium Movement

Paramecium moves using cilia.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Animal Cell Shape

Irregular, no fixed form.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Cell Shape

Fixed and rigid due to the cell wall.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Cell Vacuole

One large central vacuole, unlike animal cells’ multiple, smaller vacuoles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Cell Wall

Made mostly of cellulose, provides support and structure to plant cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Cell Chloroplasts

Organelles that carry out photosynthesis, specifically capturing solar energy and producing food for the plant.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Animal Cells Centrioles

Found in animal cells, they play a role in cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Cells Centrioles

May or may not be present in lower plant forms, not central to all plant life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endomembrane System

A group of organelles interconnected via membranes and vesicles, enabling communication and transport of materials within the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Energy-related Organelles

Mitochondria and chloroplasts which are largely independent in their structure and function, capable of self-maintenance

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclear Envelope

The double membrane surrounding the nucleus. It regulates the movement of material in and out of the nucleus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nuclear Pores

Openings in the nuclear envelope that allow the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes within the nucleus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chromosomes

The condensed form of chromatin during cell division.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nucleolus

A dense structure within the nucleus involved in ribosome subunit production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ribosomes

Cellular organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membranes continuous with the nuclear membrane, facilitating transport and processing of molecules within the cell, especially proteins.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rough ER function

Synthesizes and modifies proteins, adding sugars (forming glycoproteins).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Smooth ER function

Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances, and stores materials. Forms transport vesicles.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Golgi apparatus function

Processes and packages proteins and lipids, especially those for export from the cell.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lysosome function

Digests large molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, etc.) and recycles cellular resources; involved in apoptosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitochondria function

Produce most of the cell's ATP (energy) through cellular respiration.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plastid function

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Elodea cell structure observation

Use stains (iodine or Neutral Red) to visualize cell structures within Elodea plant cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Potato amyloplasts observation

Use iodine to observe starch granules (amyloplasts) in potato cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Yogurt bacteria observation

Observe Lactobacillus bacteria in yogurt using a wet mount.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Onion cell structure observation

Use stains (iodine or Neutral Red) to visualize cell structures in onion epidermal cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cheek cell observation (stain)

Visualize cheek cells using a stain (like methylene blue).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • Cytology is the study of cell structure and function
  • Cytologists use light microscopy and electron microscopy
  • A cell is the fundamental unit of all living organisms
  • Cells are the smallest unit capable of performing all life functions and replicating independently

Modern Cell Theory Principles

  • All living things are made up of one or more cells
  • All living cells arise from pre-existing cells
  • The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms
  • The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells
  • Energy flow occurs within cells
  • Cells contain DNA in chromosomes and RNA in the nucleus and cytoplasm
  • All cells have similar chemical composition within similar species

Cell Categories

  • Prokaryotes:
    • Unicellular organisms
    • Two domains: Bacteria and Archaea (live in extreme habitats)
  • Eukaryotes:
    • Unicellular organisms: Protozoa
    • Multicellular organisms: Animals, Plants, Fungi, and Algae

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

  • Size: Prokaryotes are small (0.1-5.0 µm), Eukaryotes are large (10-100 µm)
  • Nucleus: Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, Eukaryotes have a true nucleus with a nuclear membrane and nucleoli
  • Membrane-enclosed organelles: Prokaryotes lack, Eukaryotes have
  • Flagella: Prokaryotes consist of two protein building blocks, Eukaryotes consist of multiple microtubules
  • Cell wall: Prokaryotic cell walls (usually present) are chemically complex, often including peptidoglycan; Eukaryotic cell walls (when present) are chemically simple
  • Plasma membrane: Prokaryotic membranes contain no carbohydrates and generally lack sterols; Eukaryotic contain sterols and carbohydrates that serve as receptors
  • Cytoplasm: Prokaryotes lack a cytoskeleton and cytoplasmic streaming; Eukaryotes have both
  • Ribosomes: Prokaryotes have smaller size (70S); Eukaryotes have larger size (80S)
  • Chromosomes: Prokaryotes contain a single circular chromosome lacking histones; Eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes with histones
  • Cell division: Prokaryotes undergo binary fission, Eukaryotes divide via mitosis or meiosis
  • Reproduction: Prokaryotic reproduction is asexual or transfer of DNA fragments; Eukaryotic reproduction is both asexual and sexual
  • Level of organization: Prokaryotes are unicellular, Eukaryotes are unicellular or multicellular

Fundamental Structure of All Cells

  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytosol
  • Genetic material (chromosome & DNA)
  • Ribosomes

Examples of Prokaryotes

  • Cyanobacteria: Large prokaryotes, formerly called blue-green algae; contain chlorophyll a and accessory pigments for photosynthesis (e.g., Oscillatoria and Gloeocapsa).
  • Bacteria: Smaller than cyanobacteria, lack chlorophyll (e.g., Lactobacillus)

Bacterial Shapes

  • Bacilli (rod-shaped)
  • Cocci (spherical)
  • Spirilla (spiral-shaped)
  • Spirochetes (spiral-shaped)

Structure of Bacteria

  • Cell envelope: Includes a lipid bilayer plasma membrane with embedded and peripheral proteins, a cell wall (strengthened by peptidoglycan), and a glycocalyx (polysaccharide layer, often organized as a capsule)

Eukaryotic Cells

  • Protists: (e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium, Spirogyra) examples of unicellular eukaryotes
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals

Practical Parts for Wet Mount Preparation

  • Specimens: Elodea plant epidermis, potato, yogurt, onion epidermal cells, cheek epithelium
  • Staining: Iodine, Janus Green B, 7% sucrose, Neutral red, Methylene blue
  • Specific parts of cells to identify.

Wet Mount Slides

  • Steps to prepare wet mounts for onion and geranium leaf cells, and cheek epithelium. Includes descriptions and diagrams.

Organelles (Eukaryotic Cells)

  • Endomembrane system: Organelles that communicate via membrane channels
    • Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Vesicles
  • Energy-related organelles: Mitochondria and chloroplasts (basic independent and self-sufficient)

Nucleus

  • Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope
  • Contains chromatin containing DNA of genes & proteins
  • Contains nucleolus producing rRNA subunits of ribosomes
  • Chromatin condenses to chromosomes during cell division

Ribosomes

  • Organelle responsible for protein synthesis
  • Composed of large and small subunits
  • Located on the rough endoplasmic reticulum and free in the cytoplasm (polyribosomes)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

  • Network of membranes inside the cell
  • Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes to synthesize and modify proteins; add sugar to form glycoproteins
  • Smooth ER: Not bound with ribosomes for lipid synthesis, site for synthetic processes, detoxification, and storage

Golgi Apparatus

  • A cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially those destined to be exported from the cell

Lysosomes

  • Membrane-enclosed organelles produced by the Golgi apparatus
  • Contain powerful digestive enzymes
  • Function in digesting large molecules and recycling resources (apoptosis)

Mitochondria

  • Contain ribosomes and their own DNA
  • Produce most of the ATP utilized by the cell via cellular respiration
  • Have a double membrane, inner membrane with cristae, intermembrane space, and matrix

Plastids

  • Different types (chloroplasts, chromoplasts, amyloplasts, elaioplasts, proteinoplasts)
  • Involved in various functions like chlorophyll synthesis, storage, and enzyme activity

Differences between Animal and Plant Cells

  • Animal cells commonly lack a cell wall
  • Plant cells contain a central vacuole which can take up to 90% of the cell volume
  • Plant cells have chloroplasts, while Animal cells do not.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Cell Structure and Function PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on cell structure and function through this quiz. Explore the concepts of cytology, modern cell theory principles, and the categories of cells including prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Perfect for students of biology or anyone interested in the fundamentals of life.

More Like This

Cytology: The Study of Cells
14 questions

Cytology: The Study of Cells

FascinatingTortoise avatar
FascinatingTortoise
Cytology: Discovery of Cells
6 questions

Cytology: Discovery of Cells

UserFriendlyWashington avatar
UserFriendlyWashington
Cytology: The Study of Cells
5 questions

Cytology: The Study of Cells

AppreciableLion avatar
AppreciableLion
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells and Cytology
40 questions

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells and Cytology

LowCostVampire avatar
LowCostVampire
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser