Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Cell Structure and Function

• Cell: Basic unit of life.
• Types of Cells:
  • Prokaryotic: No nucleus, smaller (e.g., bacteria).
  • Eukaryotic: Contains nucleus, larger (e.g., plant and animal cells).
• Organelles:
  • Nucleus: Control center, contains DNA.
  • Mitochondria: Energy production (ATP).
  • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
    • Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; protein synthesis.
    • Smooth ER: No ribosomes; lipid synthesis.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.
  • Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
  • Cell Membrane: Protects cell; regulates transport.

Plant vs. Animal Cells

• Plant Cells:
  • Have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles.
• Animal Cells:
  • No cell wall; smaller vacuoles; lysosomes present.

Photosynthesis

• Process: Conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
• Location: Chloroplasts in plant cells.
• Equation:
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Importance: Produces oxygen and glucose.

Nutrition in Plants

• Types of Nutrition:
  • Autotrophic: Plants synthesize their food using sunlight.
  • Heterotrophic: Organisms obtain food from other sources.
• Modes of Nutrition:
  • Photosynthesis: Main mode for most plants.
  • Wuthering: Some plants trap insects for nutrients (e.g., Venus flytrap).

Respiration

• Types:
  • Aerobic: Requires oxygen; produces more energy.
  • Anaerobic: Occurs without oxygen; less energy produced.
• Equations:
  • Aerobic: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
  • Anaerobic (in animals): C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + energy (ATP)

Reproduction

• Types:
  • Asexual Reproduction: Involves one parent (e.g., budding, fragmentation).
  • Sexual Reproduction: Involves two parents, combining genetic material (e.g., seed formation).

Ecosystem and Environment

• Ecosystem: Interaction between living organisms and their environment.
• Components:
  • Biotic: Living organisms (plants, animals).
  • Abiotic: Non-living factors (water, soil, climate).
• Food Chain: Sequence of energy transfer (producers → consumers → decomposers).

Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Organ Systems:
  • Digestive: Breaks down food; absorption of nutrients.
  • Respiratory: Gas exchange (O2 in, CO2 out).
  • Circulatory: Transports nutrients, gases, hormones.
  • Excretory: Removal of waste.

Importance of Biodiversity

• Biodiversity: Variety of life in the world or a particular habitat.
• Roles:
  • Ecosystem resilience.
  • Economic benefits (medicinal resources, agriculture).
  • Aesthetic and ethical value.

Health and Diseases

• Key Concepts:
  • Disease: Any condition that impairs normal bodily function.
  • Infectious vs. Non-infectious.
  • Importance of hygiene and vaccination in disease prevention.

Cell Structure and Function

• Cells are the fundamental units of life.
• Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and are smaller, like bacteria.
• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and are larger, like plant and animal cells.
• Organelles are specialized structures within cells with specific functions.
  • Nucleus: The cell's control center, containing DNA.
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, generating energy (ATP).
  • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in various functions.
    • Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis.
    • Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Packages and modifies proteins.
  • Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
  • Cell Membrane: Protects the cell and controls the movement of substances in and out.

Plant vs. Animal Cells

• Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
• Animal cells lack a cell wall, have smaller vacuoles, and contain lysosomes.

Photosynthesis

• The process of converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
• Takes place in chloroplasts of plant cells.
• Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Essential for producing oxygen and glucose, which are vital for life.

Nutrition in Plants

• Autotrophic organisms, like plants, produce their own food using sunlight.
• Heterotrophic organisms obtain food from other sources.
• Photosynthesis is the primary mode of nutrition for most plants.
• Carnivorous plants trap insects for nutrients (e.g., Venus flytrap).

Respiration

• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more energy.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less energy.
• Aerobic Respiration Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
• Anaerobic Respiration (in animals) Equation: C6H12O6 → 2C3H6O3 + energy (ATP)

Reproduction

• Asexual reproduction involves one parent (e.g., budding, fragmentation).
• Sexual reproduction involves two parents, combining genetic material (e.g., seed formation).

Ecosystem and Environment

• Ecosystem: The interaction between living organisms and their environment.
• Components:
  • Biotic: Living organisms (plants, animals).
  • Abiotic: Non-living factors (water, soil, climate).
• Food Chain: A sequence of energy transfer from producers to consumers and finally to decomposers.

Human Anatomy and Physiology

• Organ Systems are groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions.
  • Digestive system: Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
  • Respiratory system: Responsible for gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
  • Circulatory system: Transports nutrients, gases, and hormones throughout the body.
  • Excretory system: Removes waste products from the body.

Importance of Biodiversity

• Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in the world or a specific habitat.
• Roles:
  • Enhances ecosystem resilience.
  • Provides economic benefits (medicinal resources, agriculture).
  • Holds aesthetic and ethical value.

Health and Diseases

• Disease: Any condition that impairs normal bodily function.
• Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and can be transmitted.
• Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens.
• Hygiene and vaccination play crucial roles in disease prevention.