Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is typically not visible in routine histological sections stained with H&E?
What is typically not visible in routine histological sections stained with H&E?
In which type of histological staining can Golgi structures typically be observed?
In which type of histological staining can Golgi structures typically be observed?
What structure comprises the Golgi apparatus?
What structure comprises the Golgi apparatus?
How many cisternae typically make up each Golgi stack?
How many cisternae typically make up each Golgi stack?
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Which face of the Golgi apparatus is known as the 'cis face'?
Which face of the Golgi apparatus is known as the 'cis face'?
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What is the characteristic shape of the Golgi stack?
What is the characteristic shape of the Golgi stack?
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Which cellular function is primarily associated with Golgi apparatus?
Which cellular function is primarily associated with Golgi apparatus?
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Where is the Golgi apparatus typically located in relation to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?
Where is the Golgi apparatus typically located in relation to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?
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What appearance do glycogen aggregates have in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?
What appearance do glycogen aggregates have in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?
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Which staining method visualizes lipids as black?
Which staining method visualizes lipids as black?
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Which function is NOT related to lipids?
Which function is NOT related to lipids?
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What is the appearance of proteins in EM?
What is the appearance of proteins in EM?
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How do lipids generally appear under H&E staining?
How do lipids generally appear under H&E staining?
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Where are lipids primarily stored in the body?
Where are lipids primarily stored in the body?
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What color does Best's carmine stain glycogen?
What color does Best's carmine stain glycogen?
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What is a characteristic feature of glycogen in histological specimens?
What is a characteristic feature of glycogen in histological specimens?
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What characterizes constitutive secretion?
What characterizes constitutive secretion?
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Which of the following is an example of regulated secretion?
Which of the following is an example of regulated secretion?
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Which type of organelles are mitochondria classified as?
Which type of organelles are mitochondria classified as?
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What are ribosomes categorized under?
What are ribosomes categorized under?
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How does membrane recycling occur in cells?
How does membrane recycling occur in cells?
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What is the primary function of the enzymes found in the electron transport system?
What is the primary function of the enzymes found in the electron transport system?
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Which of the following organelles are NOT membranous?
Which of the following organelles are NOT membranous?
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What is located in the intermembranous space of the mitochondria?
What is located in the intermembranous space of the mitochondria?
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Which statement is true about constitutive secretion?
Which statement is true about constitutive secretion?
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What distinguishes regulated secretion from constitutive secretion?
What distinguishes regulated secretion from constitutive secretion?
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What role do matrix granules play in the mitochondria?
What role do matrix granules play in the mitochondria?
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What characteristic does mitochondrial DNA have?
What characteristic does mitochondrial DNA have?
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Which of the following statements is true about ATP synthase?
Which of the following statements is true about ATP synthase?
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What percentage of the total DNA of the cell does mitochondrial DNA represent?
What percentage of the total DNA of the cell does mitochondrial DNA represent?
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What is a function of the matrix space in mitochondria?
What is a function of the matrix space in mitochondria?
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What can mitochondria synthesize independently?
What can mitochondria synthesize independently?
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What are the monomers that polymerize to form filamentous actin?
What are the monomers that polymerize to form filamentous actin?
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Which process is primarily facilitated by microfilaments in cell motility?
Which process is primarily facilitated by microfilaments in cell motility?
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What structural role do microfilaments play in cells?
What structural role do microfilaments play in cells?
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What is the arrangement of F actin?
What is the arrangement of F actin?
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What is one of the key functions of microfilaments during cell division?
What is one of the key functions of microfilaments during cell division?
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Which of the following is a dynamic characteristic of microfilaments?
Which of the following is a dynamic characteristic of microfilaments?
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Which protein interacts with actin to facilitate muscle contraction?
Which protein interacts with actin to facilitate muscle contraction?
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What process do microfilaments support that involves the movement of vesicles?
What process do microfilaments support that involves the movement of vesicles?
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What is the primary function of peroxisomes in the oxidation of fatty acids?
What is the primary function of peroxisomes in the oxidation of fatty acids?
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Which enzyme is contained within peroxisomes that helps to protect the cell from excess hydrogen peroxide?
Which enzyme is contained within peroxisomes that helps to protect the cell from excess hydrogen peroxide?
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How do peroxisomes differ from mitochondria concerning energy storage?
How do peroxisomes differ from mitochondria concerning energy storage?
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What substance is primarily generated by peroxisomes for detoxifying toxic agents?
What substance is primarily generated by peroxisomes for detoxifying toxic agents?
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In which organ is the detoxification of alcohol primarily aided by peroxisomes?
In which organ is the detoxification of alcohol primarily aided by peroxisomes?
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Which structural feature distinguishes peroxisomes from mitochondria under electron microscopy?
Which structural feature distinguishes peroxisomes from mitochondria under electron microscopy?
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What is a key characteristic of the content found within peroxisomes?
What is a key characteristic of the content found within peroxisomes?
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What is one of the roles of catalase in peroxisomes?
What is one of the roles of catalase in peroxisomes?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in the body.
- Groups of similar cells form tissues.
- Tissues combine to form organs.
- Organs work together to form organ systems.
Cell Membrane
- Also known as the plasmalemma.
- Too thin to be seen under a light microscope (LM).
- Its structure appears as a trilaminar (three-layered) structure viewed under an electron microscope (EM).
- The trilaminar structure consists of two electron-dense layers (extracellular and cytoplasmic leaflets) separated by a translucent zone.
- The cell membrane is primarily composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
- Phospholipids form a bilayer with their hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environments and hydrophobic tails facing each other.
- Cholesterol is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, influencing membrane fluidity.
- Proteins are integral (transmembrane or partially embedded) or peripheral and perform various functions (transport, receptors, etc.).
- Carbohydrates are attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) and are important in cell recognition and adhesion.
- The membrane around organelles have the same basic structure.
Lipid Molecules
- Phospholipids comprise two parts: a polar, hydrophilic head and two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.
- The hydrophilic head faces the aqueous environment.
- The hydrophobic tails face each other in the membrane's interior.
- The arrangement creates a hydrophobic barrier, controlling what enters and exits the cell.
- Cholesterol is nestled within the lipid bilayer affecting fluidity, helping maintain shape and structure.
Protein Molecules
- Integral proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer, often spanning the entire width (transmembrane).
- These proteins are crucial for transporting substances across the membrane.
- Some integral proteins act as receptors for specific molecules.
- Peripheral proteins aren't embedded in the bilayer, rather they are loosely attached to the membrane's surface, frequently interacting with integral proteins.
- Proteins perform many functions, including structural support, signaling, and transport.
Carbohydrate Molecules
- Carbohydrates are attached to proteins (forming glycoproteins) or lipids (forming glycolipids).
- They are found on the extracellular surface of the membrane.
- They play significant roles in cell recognition and adhesion (cell-to-cell interactions, immune responses).
Vesicular Transport
- Endocytosis is the process of bringing substances into the cell. Several types exist Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis, and Phagocytosis.
- Exocytosis is the release of substances out of the cell. Two types exist; Regulated and Constitutive.
Cell Organelles
-
Specific structures within cells with specialized functions
-
Examples include Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Golgi Apparatus and Peroxisomes. The Nucleus is typically considered an organelle as well.
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Description
This quiz tests your knowledge of cell structure and the function of the cell membrane. You'll explore fundamental concepts about cells, tissues, organs, and the composition of the cell membrane. Whether you're studying basic biology or preparing for a test, this quiz will reinforce your understanding.
