Cell Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is typically not visible in routine histological sections stained with H&E?

  • Mitochondrial structures
  • Nucleus of the cells
  • Negative Golgi images of plasma cells (correct)
  • Cytoplasmic granules

In which type of histological staining can Golgi structures typically be observed?

  • Silver stain (correct)
  • Masson's trichrome stain
  • Gram stain
  • H&E stain

What structure comprises the Golgi apparatus?

  • Golgi stacks (correct)
  • Lysosomes
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Ribosomes

How many cisternae typically make up each Golgi stack?

<p>4 to 6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which face of the Golgi apparatus is known as the 'cis face'?

<p>Immature face (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic shape of the Golgi stack?

<p>Cup-shaped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular function is primarily associated with Golgi apparatus?

<p>Protein modification and secretion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the Golgi apparatus typically located in relation to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)?

<p>Adjacent to the rER (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What appearance do glycogen aggregates have in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?

<p>Rosette shaped aggregates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which staining method visualizes lipids as black?

<p>Osmium tetroxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is NOT related to lipids?

<p>Nutrient absorption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of proteins in EM?

<p>Non membrane bounded small droplets or large globules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do lipids generally appear under H&E staining?

<p>Pale vacuolated cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are lipids primarily stored in the body?

<p>Adipocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does Best's carmine stain glycogen?

<p>Bright red (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of glycogen in histological specimens?

<p>Appearing as pale vacuoles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes constitutive secretion?

<p>Immediate release after synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of regulated secretion?

<p>Digestive enzymes from pancreatic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organelles are mitochondria classified as?

<p>Membranous organelles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes categorized under?

<p>Non-membranous organelles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does membrane recycling occur in cells?

<p>Via both exocytosis and endocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the enzymes found in the electron transport system?

<p>Production of ATP through respiration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organelles are NOT membranous?

<p>Centrosome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is located in the intermembranous space of the mitochondria?

<p>Substances diffusing from the cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about constitutive secretion?

<p>It occurs continuously (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes regulated secretion from constitutive secretion?

<p>Requires a defined stimulus to occur (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do matrix granules play in the mitochondria?

<p>Store and regulate calcium ions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic does mitochondrial DNA have?

<p>It is a circular molecule with limited coding capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about ATP synthase?

<p>Its heads project towards the matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total DNA of the cell does mitochondrial DNA represent?

<p>1% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of the matrix space in mitochondria?

<p>House enzymes for the citric acid cycle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can mitochondria synthesize independently?

<p>Some of their structural proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers that polymerize to form filamentous actin?

<p>G actin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is primarily facilitated by microfilaments in cell motility?

<p>Cytoplasmic streaming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural role do microfilaments play in cells?

<p>They maintain cell shape. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arrangement of F actin?

<p>Double helix structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key functions of microfilaments during cell division?

<p>Cytokinesis through contractile ring formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a dynamic characteristic of microfilaments?

<p>They can elongate and shorten. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein interacts with actin to facilitate muscle contraction?

<p>Myosin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process do microfilaments support that involves the movement of vesicles?

<p>Vesicular transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of peroxisomes in the oxidation of fatty acids?

<p>Release of energy as heat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is contained within peroxisomes that helps to protect the cell from excess hydrogen peroxide?

<p>Catalase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do peroxisomes differ from mitochondria concerning energy storage?

<p>Mitochondria can store energy as ATP, while peroxisomes cannot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is primarily generated by peroxisomes for detoxifying toxic agents?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organ is the detoxification of alcohol primarily aided by peroxisomes?

<p>Liver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural feature distinguishes peroxisomes from mitochondria under electron microscopy?

<p>Presence of a single membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the content found within peroxisomes?

<p>Fine granular electron-dense content (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of catalase in peroxisomes?

<p>Convert hydrogen peroxide into water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Exocytosis

The process by which substances packaged in vesicles are released from a cell.

Endocytosis

The process by which a cell takes in substances from its surroundings by engulfing them in a vesicle.

Constitutive Secretion

A type of exocytosis where the cell continuously releases secretory products without requiring a specific stimulus.

Regulated Secretion

A type of exocytosis where secretory products are stored in vesicles and only released in response to specific stimuli.

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Cell Organelles

Specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions.

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Membranous Organelles

Cell organelles enclosed by a membrane, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria.

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Non-membranous Organelles

Cell organelles that are not enclosed by a membrane, such as ribosomes and the cytoskeleton.

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Membrane Recycling

The process by which the cell membrane is recycled back into the cytoplasm through endocytosis.

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Golgi apparatus

A specialized organelle involved in the processing, packaging, and distribution of proteins and lipids within the cell.

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Cis face of Golgi

The cis face of the Golgi apparatus is the receiving side, where proteins and lipids enter from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

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Trans face of Golgi

The trans face of the Golgi apparatus is the shipping side, where modified proteins and lipids are packaged into vesicles for transport to their final destinations.

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Golgi cisternae

Flattened, membrane-bound sacs in the Golgi apparatus that are stacked on top of each other.

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Golgi staining

The Golgi apparatus often appears as a negative image when stained with H&E due to the lack of staining in the lumen of the Golgi cisternae.

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Silver staining of the Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus can be visualized in histological sections using silver staining techniques.

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Dynamics of Golgi

The Golgi apparatus is a dynamic structure that undergoes continuous remodeling based on the cell's needs.

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Golgi function

The Golgi apparatus plays a crucial role in protein modification and sorting, ensuring that proteins are sent to their correct destinations in the cell and beyond.

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What is the function of the inner mitochondrial membrane?

It's the site where the electron transport chain and ATP synthase reside. The enzymes are embedded within the cristae, while the ATP synthase resembles lollipop structures with heads pointing towards the matrix.

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What is the function of the intermembranous space?

This space is like a buffer zone between the cytoplasm and the matrix. It's filled with substances that have diffused through the outer membrane and ions pumped out by the inner membrane.

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What is the function of the mitochondrial matrix?

It's the inner compartment of the mitochondrion, housing crucial enzymes for the citric acid cycle, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes.

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What is the structure and function of the mitochondrial DNA?

It's a circular molecule found in the matrix of mitochondria. It's responsible for coding some of the mitochondrion's own proteins, but has limited coding capacity compared to the nuclear DNA.

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What are matrix granules and what is their function?

They're granules within the matrix that store calcium ions and play a role in regulating intracellular calcium concentration.

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How do mitochondria synthesize proteins?

It's the process by which mitochondria synthesize their own structural proteins using their own RNA.

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What is the primary function of mitochondria? How are they organized?

Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration. They have distinct compartments with specific functions.

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How does the inner mitochondrial membrane structure contribute to its function?

The inner mitochondrial membrane has a unique structure that plays a critical role in the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. This membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface area for these processes.

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Peroxisome Structure

Small, spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane, containing fine granular electron-dense content.

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Peroxisome Function: Fatty Acid Oxidation

Peroxisomes play a crucial role in breaking down long-chain fatty acids to release energy, but this energy is not stored as ATP and is released as heat.

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Peroxisome Function: Hydrogen Peroxide Production

Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a byproduct of their activity.

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Peroxisome Function: Catalase and Detoxification

Peroxisomes contain the enzyme catalase, which breaks down excess hydrogen peroxide into water, preventing cellular damage.

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Peroxisome Function: Alcohol Detoxification

Peroxisomes work with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in the liver to detoxify alcohol.

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Peroxisome Visualization

Peroxisomes are not visible with H&E staining but can be observed using electron microscopy (EM).

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Peroxisome vs. Mitochondria

Peroxisomes are distinct from mitochondria, as they do not store energy in the form of ATP.

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Peroxisome Internal Structure

The content of peroxisomes is finely granular and electron-dense, meaning it absorbs electrons and appears dark under EM.

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Microfilaments

A type of protein filament found in cells, responsible for movement, structure, and cell division.

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G-Actin

Globular actin monomers that can assemble into long chains.

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F-Actin

Filamentous actin formed by the polymerization of G-actin monomers.

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Microfilament Elongation

The process of microfilaments growing longer by adding more G-actin subunits.

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Microfilament Shortening

The process of microfilaments getting shorter by removing G-actin subunits.

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Cell Migration

The process of a cell moving itself, often using microfilaments.

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Cytoplasmic Streaming

Movement of cytoplasm within a cell, driven by microfilaments.

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Contractile Ring

A ring made of microfilaments that forms during cell division to pinch off the two daughter cells.

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Glycogen appearance under EM

Glycogen, a complex carbohydrate, appears as rosette-shaped aggregates in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes when viewed under an electron microscope (EM).

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Glycogen under H&E

When stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), glycogen dissolves during specimen preparation, leaving behind a pale, vacuolated cytoplasm.

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Glycogen staining with PAS

Glycogen stains magenta red with Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining, a technique used to visualize carbohydrates.

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Glycogen staining with Best's carmine

Best's carmine stain highlights glycogen, making it appear bright red.

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Glycogen under EM

Under the electron microscope, glycogen appears as dense granules that are larger than ribosomes.

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Lipid Function

Lipids are essential for energy storage, membrane synthesis, and steroid hormone production.

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Lipid appearance under H&E

Lipids are not visualized under H&E staining due to their dissolution during specimen preparation. They leave a pale, vacuolated cytoplasm.

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Lipid appearance under Osmium tetroxide

When treated with osmium tetroxide, lipids appear black or white depending on their composition, making them visible under light microscopy (LM).

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Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in the body.
  • Groups of similar cells form tissues.
  • Tissues combine to form organs.
  • Organs work together to form organ systems.

Cell Membrane

  • Also known as the plasmalemma.
  • Too thin to be seen under a light microscope (LM).
  • Its structure appears as a trilaminar (three-layered) structure viewed under an electron microscope (EM).
  • The trilaminar structure consists of two electron-dense layers (extracellular and cytoplasmic leaflets) separated by a translucent zone.
  • The cell membrane is primarily composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
  •  Phospholipids form a bilayer with their hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environments and hydrophobic tails facing each other.
  • Cholesterol is embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, influencing membrane fluidity.
  • Proteins are integral (transmembrane or partially embedded) or peripheral and perform various functions (transport, receptors, etc.).
  • Carbohydrates are attached to proteins (glycoproteins) or lipids (glycolipids) and are important in cell recognition and adhesion.
  • The membrane around organelles have the same basic structure.

Lipid Molecules

  • Phospholipids comprise two parts: a polar, hydrophilic head and two nonpolar, hydrophobic tails.
  • The hydrophilic head faces the aqueous environment.
  • The hydrophobic tails face each other in the membrane's interior.
  • The arrangement creates a hydrophobic barrier, controlling what enters and exits the cell.
  • Cholesterol is nestled within the lipid bilayer affecting fluidity, helping maintain shape and structure.

Protein Molecules

  • Integral proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer, often spanning the entire width (transmembrane).
  • These proteins are crucial for transporting substances across the membrane.
  • Some integral proteins act as receptors for specific molecules.
  • Peripheral proteins aren't embedded in the bilayer, rather they are loosely attached to the membrane's surface, frequently interacting with integral proteins.
  • Proteins perform many functions, including structural support, signaling, and transport.

Carbohydrate Molecules

  • Carbohydrates are attached to proteins (forming glycoproteins) or lipids (forming glycolipids).
  • They are found on the extracellular surface of the membrane.
  • They play significant roles in cell recognition and adhesion (cell-to-cell interactions, immune responses).

Vesicular Transport

  • Endocytosis is the process of bringing substances into the cell. Several types exist Pinocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis, and Phagocytosis.
  • Exocytosis is the release of substances out of the cell. Two types exist; Regulated and Constitutive.

Cell Organelles

  • Specific structures within cells with specialized functions

  • Examples include Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Golgi Apparatus and Peroxisomes. The Nucleus is typically considered an organelle as well.

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