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Questions and Answers
What is the function of flagella in prokaryotes?
What is the function of flagella in prokaryotes?
Which structure is associated with the transfer of DNA between prokaryotic cells?
Which structure is associated with the transfer of DNA between prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following features distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following features distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What role do thylakoids play in cells?
What role do thylakoids play in cells?
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What are fimbriae primarily involved in?
What are fimbriae primarily involved in?
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Which of the following are energy-related organelles found in eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following are energy-related organelles found in eukaryotic cells?
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Which component of the eukaryotic cell separates its contents from the environment?
Which component of the eukaryotic cell separates its contents from the environment?
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Which statement accurately describes the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately describes the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?
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What happens to the surface area relative to volume as cell size increases?
What happens to the surface area relative to volume as cell size increases?
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What is the significance of a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio in small cells?
What is the significance of a higher surface-area-to-volume ratio in small cells?
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
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What are mesosomes and their function in prokaryotic cells?
What are mesosomes and their function in prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is true?
Which of the following statements about prokaryotic cells is true?
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What component is primarily responsible for maintaining the shape of a prokaryotic cell?
What component is primarily responsible for maintaining the shape of a prokaryotic cell?
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What are the basic shapes of prokaryotic cells?
What are the basic shapes of prokaryotic cells?
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Which domains do prokaryotic cells belong to?
Which domains do prokaryotic cells belong to?
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How does the glycocalyx differ from the cell wall in some bacteria?
How does the glycocalyx differ from the cell wall in some bacteria?
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Which structure encapsulates the semi-fluid solution known as cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells?
Which structure encapsulates the semi-fluid solution known as cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells?
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Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?
Where is the DNA located in prokaryotic cells?
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What kind of DNA do prokaryotes typically possess?
What kind of DNA do prokaryotes typically possess?
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What comprises the cell envelope in bacteria?
What comprises the cell envelope in bacteria?
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Which microscopy technique is necessary to observe organelles in detail?
Which microscopy technique is necessary to observe organelles in detail?
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Which of the following statements about ribosomes in prokaryotic cells is correct?
Which of the following statements about ribosomes in prokaryotic cells is correct?
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Which type of bacteria can perform photosynthesis in a similar way to plants?
Which type of bacteria can perform photosynthesis in a similar way to plants?
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What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plants?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in plants?
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Where are the enzymes that synthesize carbohydrates located in a chloroplast?
Where are the enzymes that synthesize carbohydrates located in a chloroplast?
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Which type of plastid is responsible for providing coloration, such as yellow or red, in plants?
Which type of plastid is responsible for providing coloration, such as yellow or red, in plants?
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What role do thylakoids play in the chloroplasts?
What role do thylakoids play in the chloroplasts?
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What is formed as a result of the photosynthesis process in chloroplasts?
What is formed as a result of the photosynthesis process in chloroplasts?
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What is the primary role of catalase in peroxisomes?
What is the primary role of catalase in peroxisomes?
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What condition is caused by a lack of peroxisomal membrane protein?
What condition is caused by a lack of peroxisomal membrane protein?
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Which function is NOT associated with the central vacuole in plant cells?
Which function is NOT associated with the central vacuole in plant cells?
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What is the main structural characteristic of chloroplasts?
What is the main structural characteristic of chloroplasts?
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What is one of the primary functions of the vacuole in plant cells?
What is one of the primary functions of the vacuole in plant cells?
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How do peroxisomes contribute to cellular metabolism?
How do peroxisomes contribute to cellular metabolism?
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Which of the following statements about chloroplasts is false?
Which of the following statements about chloroplasts is false?
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What is a primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells?
What is a primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells?
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What is a major component of thylakoids found in chloroplasts?
What is a major component of thylakoids found in chloroplasts?
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What is the function of transport vesicles in a eukaryotic cell?
What is the function of transport vesicles in a eukaryotic cell?
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Which organelle is responsible for housing genetic material in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is responsible for housing genetic material in eukaryotic cells?
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Which structure separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
Which structure separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
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In what type of cells is it common to find more than one nucleus?
In what type of cells is it common to find more than one nucleus?
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What is the primary composition of plant cell walls?
What is the primary composition of plant cell walls?
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What role do the protein fibers of the cytoskeleton play in eukaryotic cells?
What role do the protein fibers of the cytoskeleton play in eukaryotic cells?
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What distinguishes plant cell walls from bacterial cell walls?
What distinguishes plant cell walls from bacterial cell walls?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
- The cell theory states cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms. All organisms are composed of cells. All cells come only from preexisting cells.
- Cell size is small due to the important relationship between surface area and volume. Small cells have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, enabling efficient exchange of materials.
- The unassisted human eye can generally view macroscopic organisms (large cells) and a few large cells. Microscopic cells are observed via microscopes.
- There are two basic types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Structurally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.
- Classified into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
- Bacteria can cause diseases, act as decomposers, and are used in manufacturing.
- Archaea inhabit extreme environments, like hot springs and salt lakes.
- Shape varies: coccus, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete.
- Lack membrane-bound organelles.
- DNA is located in a region called the nucleoid.
- Structures include: cell wall, plasma membrane, glycocalyx (slime layer or capsule), fimbriae, flagella, conjugation pili, ribosomes.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Possess a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Larger than prokaryotic cells.
- Contain membrane-bound organelles that perform specific functions.
- Examples of organelles: mitochondria, chloroplasts.
- Endomembrane system comprises: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, several types of vesicles.
The Nucleus
- Command center of the cell.
- Usually oval-shaped and located near the center of the cell.
- Separated from cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope.
- Double-layered membrane (inner and outer) with nuclear pores.
- Contains chromatin, the network of DNA and proteins that condenses into chromosomes during cell division.
- Site of gene transcription, rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA production.
- Communicates with ribosomes.
Ribosomes
- Particles responsible for protein synthesis.
- Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Eukaryotic ribosomes are 20nm by 30nm and have slightly smaller than prokaryotic ribosomes.
- Can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes, in mRNA's presence, the exact sequence of amino acids, following the information coded in DNA.
Endomembrane System
- Interconnected intracellular membranes that compartmentalize the cell, increasing its efficiency.
- Consists of: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and various vesicles.
- Function is the transport of materials between organelles, with modifications of proteins and lipids occurring in this process.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Complex system of interconnected membranes and tubes.
- Rough ER is studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis.
- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes; important in lipid synthesis, detoxification (liver), and steroid hormone production.
Golgi Apparatus
- Stack of flattened, slightly curved sacs called cisternae.
- Processes, packages, and secretes modified proteins and lipids.
- Proteins and lipids received from the ER are transported, modified, and packaged into vesicles at the Golgi apparatus.
Lysosomes
- Membrane-bound vesicles found in animal cells but not plant cells.
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes for digesting macromolecules, and worn-out organelles.
- Important in cellular recycling and waste disposal.
- Acidic environment is essential for proper enzyme function.
Peroxisomes
- Membrane-bound vesicles found in both animal and plant cells.
- Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids, and produce H2O2 (a toxic by-product).
- Catalase enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of H2O2 into water and O2 to neutralize its effects.
- Necessary for detoxification of various substances.
Vacuoles
- Membrane-bound sacs, larger than vesicles; store materials.
- In plant cells, the central vacuole occupies a large portion of the cell and aids in turgor pressure maintenance and storage Functions in: storage of water, nutrients, pigments and waste products.
Mitochondria
- Double-membraned organelles.
- Contain their own DNA and ribosomes.
- Site of cellular respiration where energy (ATP) is generated.
- Highly convoluted inner membrane (cristae).
- Matrix contains enzymes for breakdown of carbohydrates.
Chloroplasts
- Found in plant cells and algae.
- Site of photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates).
- Contain chlorophyll and other pigments.
- Extensive internal membrane system (thylakoids arranged in stacks called grana).
- Stroma (fluid surrounding thylakoids) contains enzymes necessary for carbohydrate synthesis.
Cytoskeleton
- Network of protein filaments that maintains cell shape, enables cell movement, and facilitates intracellular transport and various cell divisions.
- Consists of actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.
- Each type of filament has different functions (e.g., muscle contraction).
Centrioles
- Microtubule-organizing centers found in animal cells and some protists.
- Composed of microtubules arranged in a 9+0 pattern.
- Play a role in cell division, organizing microtubules to pull chromosomes apart during mitosis or meiosis and determine the plane of division.
- May give rise to basal bodies that direct microtubule organization in cilia and flagella.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental aspects of cell structure and function. Explore the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the cell theory, and the significance of cell size. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of cellular biology.
