Cell Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Describe the function of the nucleolus.

Produces ribosomes and RNA

Describe the function of the cell wall.

Provides rigidity and protection to the cell

Describe the function of the chloroplasts.

Site of photosynthesis as they contain chlorophyll

Describe the function of the plasmodesmata.

<p>A channel through the cell wall the allows transport of materials from one cell to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of the vacuole.

<p>Stores water and chemicals for cell use. Also maintains turgor of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotics than gram negative bacteria.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the adaptations found in a palisade cell.

<p>Closely packed together, Chloroplasts, Large vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the palisade cell has a large amount of chloroplasts.

<p>To absorb lots of light for photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why palisade cells are closely packed together.

<p>To form a continuous layer in the leaf</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why palisade cells have a large vacuole.

<p>To maintain turgor (pushes against the cell wall to maintain rigid shape)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the adaptations of a root hair cell.

<p>Root hair shape, Large Vacuole, Thin cellulose walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why root hair cells have an elongated section known as the root hair.

<p>Increased surface area for maximum movement of water into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why root hair cells have a large vacuole.

<p>Contains cell sap with low water potential to encourage water into the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why root hair cells have thin cellulose walls.

<p>Encourage movement of water and minerals into the cell. Short distance for osmosis and diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the adaptations of a sperm cell.

<p>Lots of mitochondria, Shaped head containing acrosome (with enzymes), Haploid nucleus, Tail for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why a sperm cell has an undulipodium (tail).

<p>To allow the sperm to move to the egg</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why sperm cells contain large numbers of mitochondria.

<p>To produce the large amounts of energy needed for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why sperm cells have a shaped head.

<p>To push through the protective layer of the egg cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why sperm cells contain acrosome in the head.

<p>To digest the zona pellucida to allow entry into the egg cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why sperm cells have a haploid nucleus.

<p>Contains half the genetic material.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the adaptations of egg cells.

<p>Contains a haploid nucleus, Protective outer layer (zona pellucida), Corona radiata</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why egg cells have a zona pellucida (protective layer).

<p>Protects the cell and only allows one sperm cell to enter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why egg cells have a corona radiata (two or three layers attached to the zona pellucida).

<p>Contains all of the proteins needed to develop the fertilised cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the adaptations of red blood cells.

<p>No nucleus (mammals only), Biconcave shape, Haemoglobin, Flexible</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why red blood cells don't contain a nucleus.

<p>Allows for more oxygen to be carried in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why red blood cells have a biconcave shape.

<p>Increased surface area for gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why red blood cells contain haemoglobin.

<p>To bind with the oxygen in order for it to be carried around the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why red blood cells are flexible.

<p>To fit through the tiny blood vessels such as capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why white blood cells have a multi-lobed nucleus.

<p>To enable the cell to squeeze through tiny gaps when travelling to the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why the lysosomes found within the cytoplasm of white blood cells contain enzymes.

<p>To digest engulfed pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are gram-positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics?

<p>Gram-positive bacteria have a permeable cell wall, whereas gram-negative bacteria have a semi-permeable cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes and RNA.
  • Cell Wall: Provides rigidity and protection to the cell.
  • Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll.
  • Plasmodesmata: Channels through the cell wall that allow transport between cells.
  • Amyoplasts: Store starch and convert it to glucose for energy.
  • Vacuole: Stores water and chemicals; maintains cell turgor.
  • Tonoplast: The membrane surrounding the vacuole; controls water flow and protects it.
  • Gram-positive bacteria: More susceptible to antibiotics due to a permeable cell wall, unlike gram-negative bacteria with a semi-permeable wall.

Plant Cell Adaptations

  • Palisade cells: Closely packed for a continuous light-absorbing layer. Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a large vacuole to maintain turgor.

  • Root hair cells: Have an elongated root hair to increase surface area for water absorption. Large vacuoles with low water potential draw water into the cell. Thin cell walls facilitate osmosis and diffusion.

Animal Cell Adaptations

  • Sperm cells: Contain many mitochondria for energy, a head with an acrosome (enzyme-containing) for egg penetration, a haploid nucleus (half the genetic material), and a tail (undulipodium) for movement.
  • Egg cells: Contain a haploid nucleus, a protective layer (zona pellucida) to prevent multiple sperm entry and the corona radiata for development.
  • Red blood cells: Lack a nucleus for increased oxygen-carrying capacity, have a biconcave shape for a larger surface area for gas exchange, contain hemoglobin to bind oxygen, and are flexible to pass through capillaries.
  • White blood cells: Possess a multi-lobed nucleus for squeezing through tissues and lysosomes containing enzymes to digest pathogens.

Epithelial Tissue

  • Squamous epithelium: A single layer of flat cells, lining surfaces like alveoli. Smoking damages it by causing inflammation, scarring, and thickening, increasing the diffusion pathway.
  • Columnar epithelium: Column-shaped with ciliated cells (cilia sweep away pathogens) and goblet cells (produce mucus). Smoking damages cilia, hindering mucus removal.
  • Endothelial tissue: Lines blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart; is a single layer of flattened cells. Atherosclerosis involves white blood cells depositing fatty substances (cholesterol) beneath the lining, potentially causing angina, mini-strokes, heart attacks, and aneurysms.

Muscle Tissue

  • Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones; voluntary control.
  • Cardiac muscle: In the heart; involuntary control.
  • Smooth muscle: In the walls of hollow organs; involuntary control.
  • Muscle fiber structure: Ordered components (muscle -> bundle of fibres -> fibre -> myofibril -> filaments) filled with organelles like mitochondria, nuclei, and specialised ER.
  • Muscle Contraction: Sarcomere shortens.

Nervous System

  • Neurone (nerve cell): Contains dendrites (receive impulses), soma (cell body), nucleus, axon (sends impulses), myelin sheath (insulation), Schwann cells (form myelin), nodes of Ranvier (gaps in myelin), and axon terminals (transmit impulses to the next cell).
  • Myelinated vs. non-myelinated: Myelinated neurones conduct impulses faster due to the saltatory conduction (jumping between nodes of Ranvier).
  • Resting potential: Neurone at -70mV, polarized with K+/Na+ pump working.
  • Action potential: Impulse passing along axon at +35mV.

Muscle Fiber Types

  • Slow-twitch: Aerobic exercise; slower contraction but more endurance, more mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillaries.
  • Fast-twitch oxidative: Mid-range sports, quick contraction with endurance.
  • Fast-twitch glycolytic: Sprinting; quick contraction but limited endurance; less mitochondria and capillaries, high glycogen.

COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder)

  • Caused by emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma.
  • Symptoms include breathlessness, persistent coughing, and phlegm build-up.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the intricate details of cell structure and function, focusing on the roles of various cellular components such as the nucleolus, cell wall, and chloroplasts. Additionally, explore adaptations of plant cells such as palisade and root hair cells to understand how they optimize photosynthesis and water absorption.

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