Podcast
Questions and Answers
Describe the function of the nucleolus.
Describe the function of the nucleolus.
Produces ribosomes and RNA
Describe the function of the cell wall.
Describe the function of the cell wall.
Provides rigidity and protection to the cell
Describe the function of the chloroplasts.
Describe the function of the chloroplasts.
Site of photosynthesis as they contain chlorophyll
Describe the function of the plasmodesmata.
Describe the function of the plasmodesmata.
Describe the function of the vacuole.
Describe the function of the vacuole.
Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotics than gram negative bacteria.
Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotics than gram negative bacteria.
Describe the adaptations found in a palisade cell.
Describe the adaptations found in a palisade cell.
Explain why the palisade cell has a large amount of chloroplasts.
Explain why the palisade cell has a large amount of chloroplasts.
Explain why palisade cells are closely packed together.
Explain why palisade cells are closely packed together.
Explain why palisade cells have a large vacuole.
Explain why palisade cells have a large vacuole.
Describe the adaptations of a root hair cell.
Describe the adaptations of a root hair cell.
Explain why root hair cells have an elongated section known as the root hair.
Explain why root hair cells have an elongated section known as the root hair.
Explain why root hair cells have a large vacuole.
Explain why root hair cells have a large vacuole.
Explain why root hair cells have thin cellulose walls.
Explain why root hair cells have thin cellulose walls.
Describe the adaptations of a sperm cell.
Describe the adaptations of a sperm cell.
Explain why a sperm cell has an undulipodium (tail).
Explain why a sperm cell has an undulipodium (tail).
Explain why sperm cells contain large numbers of mitochondria.
Explain why sperm cells contain large numbers of mitochondria.
Explain why sperm cells have a shaped head.
Explain why sperm cells have a shaped head.
Explain why sperm cells contain acrosome in the head.
Explain why sperm cells contain acrosome in the head.
Explain why sperm cells have a haploid nucleus.
Explain why sperm cells have a haploid nucleus.
Describe the adaptations of egg cells.
Describe the adaptations of egg cells.
Explain why egg cells have a zona pellucida (protective layer).
Explain why egg cells have a zona pellucida (protective layer).
Explain why egg cells have a corona radiata (two or three layers attached to the zona pellucida).
Explain why egg cells have a corona radiata (two or three layers attached to the zona pellucida).
Describe the adaptations of red blood cells.
Describe the adaptations of red blood cells.
Explain why red blood cells don't contain a nucleus.
Explain why red blood cells don't contain a nucleus.
Explain why red blood cells have a biconcave shape.
Explain why red blood cells have a biconcave shape.
Explain why red blood cells contain haemoglobin.
Explain why red blood cells contain haemoglobin.
Explain why red blood cells are flexible.
Explain why red blood cells are flexible.
Explain why white blood cells have a multi-lobed nucleus.
Explain why white blood cells have a multi-lobed nucleus.
Explain why the lysosomes found within the cytoplasm of white blood cells contain enzymes.
Explain why the lysosomes found within the cytoplasm of white blood cells contain enzymes.
Why are gram-positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics?
Why are gram-positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics?
Flashcards
What is the function of the nucleolus?
What is the function of the nucleolus?
Produces ribosomes and RNA
What is the function of the cell wall?
What is the function of the cell wall?
Provides rigidity and protection to the cell
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
What is the function of the chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis as they contain chlorophyll
What is the function of the plasmodesmata?
What is the function of the plasmodesmata?
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What is the function of the amyoplasts?
What is the function of the amyoplasts?
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What is the function of the vacuole?
What is the function of the vacuole?
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What is the function of the tonoplasts?
What is the function of the tonoplasts?
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Why are gram positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics?
Why are gram positive bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics?
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Describe the adaptations found in a palisade cell.
Describe the adaptations found in a palisade cell.
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Why does the palisade cell have a large amount of chloroplasts?
Why does the palisade cell have a large amount of chloroplasts?
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Why are palisade cells closely packed together?
Why are palisade cells closely packed together?
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Why do palisade cells have a large vacuole?
Why do palisade cells have a large vacuole?
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Describe the adaptations of a root hair cell
Describe the adaptations of a root hair cell
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Why do root hair cells have an elongated section known as the root hair?
Why do root hair cells have an elongated section known as the root hair?
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Why do root hair cells have a large vacuole?
Why do root hair cells have a large vacuole?
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Why do root hair cells have thin cellulose walls?
Why do root hair cells have thin cellulose walls?
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Describe the adaptations of a sperm cell
Describe the adaptations of a sperm cell
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Why does a sperm cell have an undulipodium (tail)?
Why does a sperm cell have an undulipodium (tail)?
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Why do sperm cells contain large numbers of mitochondria?
Why do sperm cells contain large numbers of mitochondria?
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Why do sperm cells have a shaped head?
Why do sperm cells have a shaped head?
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Why do sperm cells contain acrosome in the head?
Why do sperm cells contain acrosome in the head?
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Why do sperm cells have a haploid nucleus?
Why do sperm cells have a haploid nucleus?
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Describe the adaptations of egg cells
Describe the adaptations of egg cells
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Why do egg cells have a haploid nucleus?
Why do egg cells have a haploid nucleus?
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Why do egg cells have a zona pellucida (protective layer)?
Why do egg cells have a zona pellucida (protective layer)?
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Why do egg cells have a corona radiata (two or three layers attached to the zona pellucida)?
Why do egg cells have a corona radiata (two or three layers attached to the zona pellucida)?
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Describe the adaptations of red blood cells
Describe the adaptations of red blood cells
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Why don't red blood cells contain a nucleus?
Why don't red blood cells contain a nucleus?
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Why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape?
Why do red blood cells have a biconcave shape?
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Why do red blood cells contain haemoglobin?
Why do red blood cells contain haemoglobin?
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Why are red blood cells flexible?
Why are red blood cells flexible?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes and RNA.
- Cell Wall: Provides rigidity and protection to the cell.
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll.
- Plasmodesmata: Channels through the cell wall that allow transport between cells.
- Amyoplasts: Store starch and convert it to glucose for energy.
- Vacuole: Stores water and chemicals; maintains cell turgor.
- Tonoplast: The membrane surrounding the vacuole; controls water flow and protects it.
- Gram-positive bacteria: More susceptible to antibiotics due to a permeable cell wall, unlike gram-negative bacteria with a semi-permeable wall.
Plant Cell Adaptations
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Palisade cells: Closely packed for a continuous light-absorbing layer. Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a large vacuole to maintain turgor.
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Root hair cells: Have an elongated root hair to increase surface area for water absorption. Large vacuoles with low water potential draw water into the cell. Thin cell walls facilitate osmosis and diffusion.
Animal Cell Adaptations
- Sperm cells: Contain many mitochondria for energy, a head with an acrosome (enzyme-containing) for egg penetration, a haploid nucleus (half the genetic material), and a tail (undulipodium) for movement.
- Egg cells: Contain a haploid nucleus, a protective layer (zona pellucida) to prevent multiple sperm entry and the corona radiata for development.
- Red blood cells: Lack a nucleus for increased oxygen-carrying capacity, have a biconcave shape for a larger surface area for gas exchange, contain hemoglobin to bind oxygen, and are flexible to pass through capillaries.
- White blood cells: Possess a multi-lobed nucleus for squeezing through tissues and lysosomes containing enzymes to digest pathogens.
Epithelial Tissue
- Squamous epithelium: A single layer of flat cells, lining surfaces like alveoli. Smoking damages it by causing inflammation, scarring, and thickening, increasing the diffusion pathway.
- Columnar epithelium: Column-shaped with ciliated cells (cilia sweep away pathogens) and goblet cells (produce mucus). Smoking damages cilia, hindering mucus removal.
- Endothelial tissue: Lines blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and the heart; is a single layer of flattened cells. Atherosclerosis involves white blood cells depositing fatty substances (cholesterol) beneath the lining, potentially causing angina, mini-strokes, heart attacks, and aneurysms.
Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones; voluntary control.
- Cardiac muscle: In the heart; involuntary control.
- Smooth muscle: In the walls of hollow organs; involuntary control.
- Muscle fiber structure: Ordered components (muscle -> bundle of fibres -> fibre -> myofibril -> filaments) filled with organelles like mitochondria, nuclei, and specialised ER.
- Muscle Contraction: Sarcomere shortens.
Nervous System
- Neurone (nerve cell): Contains dendrites (receive impulses), soma (cell body), nucleus, axon (sends impulses), myelin sheath (insulation), Schwann cells (form myelin), nodes of Ranvier (gaps in myelin), and axon terminals (transmit impulses to the next cell).
- Myelinated vs. non-myelinated: Myelinated neurones conduct impulses faster due to the saltatory conduction (jumping between nodes of Ranvier).
- Resting potential: Neurone at -70mV, polarized with K+/Na+ pump working.
- Action potential: Impulse passing along axon at +35mV.
Muscle Fiber Types
- Slow-twitch: Aerobic exercise; slower contraction but more endurance, more mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillaries.
- Fast-twitch oxidative: Mid-range sports, quick contraction with endurance.
- Fast-twitch glycolytic: Sprinting; quick contraction but limited endurance; less mitochondria and capillaries, high glycogen.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder)
- Caused by emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma.
- Symptoms include breathlessness, persistent coughing, and phlegm build-up.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the intricate details of cell structure and function, focusing on the roles of various cellular components such as the nucleolus, cell wall, and chloroplasts. Additionally, explore adaptations of plant cells such as palisade and root hair cells to understand how they optimize photosynthesis and water absorption.
