Questions and Answers
What is the main function of ribosomes in a cell?
Which biomolecule is composed of amino acid building blocks?
What is the term for the breakdown of molecules in cellular processes?
Which type of cell lacks a nucleus?
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What is the process by which cells make their own food from sunlight?
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What is the term for the 'building blocks of life'?
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Which organelle is responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration?
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What is the term for the process by which an organism's genetic information is passed from one generation to the next?
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Study Notes
Cells
- Basic structural and functional units of life
- Consist of:
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
- Cytoplasm
- Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Cell types:
- Prokaryotic cells (no nucleus)
- Eukaryotic cells (nucleus present)
Cellular Organelles
- Mitochondria: generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes for breaking down cellular waste
- Golgi apparatus: involved in protein modification and transport
Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose)
- Polysaccharides (e.g. starch, cellulose)
- Proteins:
- Amino acid building blocks
- Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
- Lipids:
- Fats and oils
- Phospholipids (component of cell membranes)
- Nucleic acids:
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Cellular Processes
- Metabolism:
- Catabolism (breakdown of molecules)
- Anabolism (synthesis of molecules)
- Photosynthesis:
- Light-dependent reactions
- Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
- Cellular respiration:
- Aerobic respiration (oxygen present)
- Anaerobic respiration (oxygen absent)
Genetics
- Mendelian genetics:
- Laws of inheritance (segregation, independent assortment, dominance)
- Punnett squares
- DNA replication:
- Semi-conservative model
- Leading and lagging strands
- Gene expression:
- Transcription (DNA to RNA)
- Translation (RNA to protein)
Evolution
- Mechanisms of evolution:
- Natural selection
- Genetic drift
- Mutation
- Gene flow
- Types of evolution:
- Microevolution (within a population)
- Macroevolution (between species)
- Evidence for evolution:
- Fossil record
- Comparative anatomy
- Molecular biology
Cells
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life
- Cell membrane (plasma membrane) regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic processes occur
- Genetic material (DNA or RNA) contains instructions for cell growth and function
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that stores genetic material
Cellular Organelles
- Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, generating energy for the cell
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis, transport, and storage
- Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, reading mRNA sequences
- Lysosomes break down cellular waste and foreign substances using digestive enzymes
- Golgi apparatus modifies and transports proteins and lipids
Biomolecules
- Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) are simple sugars, the building blocks of carbohydrates
- Polysaccharides (e.g. starch, cellulose) are complex carbohydrates formed by monosaccharide bonds
- Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures
- Fats and oils are types of lipids, with phospholipids being a key component of cell membranes
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acids that store genetic information
Cellular Processes
- Metabolism involves catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)
- Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle)
- Cellular respiration can occur aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen)
Genetics
- Mendelian genetics explains how traits are inherited, following laws of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance
- Punnett squares predict the probability of certain traits being passed down
- DNA replication occurs semi-conservatively, with leading and lagging strands
- Gene expression involves transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein)
Evolution
- Mechanisms of evolution include natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow
- Microevolution occurs within a population, while macroevolution occurs between species
- Evidence for evolution is found in the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology
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Description
This quiz covers the basic units of life, including cell types, organelles, and their functions. Test your knowledge of cell biology!
