Cell Structure and Function

Cell membrane: semi-permeable, regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane, contains organelles
Nucleus: controls cell growth, division, and function, contains DNA
Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): network of tubules and flattened sacs, involved in protein synthesis and transport
Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes, breaks down and recycles cellular waste

Mitosis: process of cell division, results in two daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Interphase: cell grows, replicates DNA, prepares for division
- Prophase: chromatin condenses, chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope breaks down
- Metaphase: chromosomes line up at center of cell
- Anaphase: sister chromatids separate, move to opposite poles of cell
- Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, cytoplasm divides
Meiosis: process of gamete formation, results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Meiosis I: homologous chromosomes separate, resulting in two daughter cells with unique combination of alleles
- Meiosis II: sister chromatids separate, resulting in four daughter cells with unique combination of alleles

Carbohydrates: energy source, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
- Monosaccharides: simple sugars, example: glucose
- Disaccharides: two monosaccharides joined together, example: sucrose
- Polysaccharides: long chains of monosaccharides, example: starch
Proteins: building blocks of tissues, composed of amino acids
- Essential amino acids: cannot be synthesized by the body, must be obtained through diet
- Non-essential amino acids: can be synthesized by the body
Fats: energy source, composed of carbon and hydrogen
- Saturated fats: solid at room temperature, example: butter
- Unsaturated fats: liquid at room temperature, example: olive oil
Vitamins: organic compounds required in small quantities for various bodily functions
- Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, K
- Water-soluble vitamins: B, C
Minerals: inorganic compounds required in small quantities for various bodily functions
- Macronutrients: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium
- Micronutrients: iron, zinc, iodine, selenium

Energy production: carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are broken down to produce ATP
Growth and repair: proteins, vitamins, and minerals are used to build and repair tissues
Regulation of bodily functions: vitamins and minerals are involved in various bodily functions, such as nerve function and bone health

Cell membrane is semi-permeable, regulating what enters and leaves the cell
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane, containing organelles
Nucleus controls cell growth, division, and function, and contains DNA
Mitochondria generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of tubules and flattened sacs, involved in protein synthesis and transport
Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, breaking down and recycling cellular waste

Mitosis is the process of cell division, resulting in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Interphase involves cell growth, DNA replication, and preparation for division
Prophase involves chromatin condensation, chromosome visibility, and nuclear envelope breakdown
Metaphase involves chromosomes lining up at the center of the cell
Anaphase involves sister chromatids separating and moving to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase involves nuclear envelope reformation and cytoplasmic division
Meiosis is the process of gamete formation, resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis I involves homologous chromosomes separating, resulting in two daughter cells with unique combinations of alleles
Meiosis II involves sister chromatids separating, resulting in four daughter cells with unique combinations of alleles

Carbohydrates are an energy source, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Monosaccharides are simple sugars, such as glucose
Disaccharides are two monosaccharides joined together, such as sucrose
Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides, such as starch
Proteins are the building blocks of tissues, composed of amino acids
Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet
Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the body
Fats are an energy source, composed of carbon and hydrogen
Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, such as butter
Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature, such as olive oil
Vitamins are organic compounds required in small quantities for various bodily functions
Fat-soluble vitamins include A, D, E, and K
Water-soluble vitamins include B and C
Minerals are inorganic compounds required in small quantities for various bodily functions
Macronutrients include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and sodium
Micronutrients include iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium

Energy production involves the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce ATP
Growth and repair involves the use of proteins, vitamins, and minerals to build and repair tissues
Regulation of bodily functions involves the use of vitamins and minerals in nerve function, bone health, and other processes