Cell Structure and Division

Study Notes

Cellular Components:
- Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Ribosomes
- Lysosomes
- Golgi apparatus
Cell Shapes:
- Spherical
- Elongated
- Irregular
- Cuboidal
Cell Size:
- Typically ranges from 1-100 μm in diameter

Types of Cell Division:
1. Mitosis:
  - Produces 2 daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
  - Occurs in somatic cells
2. Meiosis:
  - Produces 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell
  - Occurs in reproductive cells
Stages of Mitosis:
1. Interphase:
  - Cell grows and prepares for division
2. Prophase:
  - Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes
  - Nuclear envelope breaks down
3. Metaphase:
  - Chromosomes align at the center of the cell
4. Anaphase:
  - Sister chromatids separate
5. Telophase:
  - Nuclear envelope reforms
6. Cytokinesis:
  - Cytoplasm divides and cell splits

Overall Equation: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
Light-Dependent Reactions:
- Occur in thylakoid membranes
- Light energy is absorbed and converted into ATP and NADPH
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle):
- Occur in stroma
- ATP and NADPH are used to convert CO2 into glucose

Functions:
- Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
- Provides structural support
- Maintains cell shape
- Allows for cell signaling
Components:
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Proteins
- Cholesterol
Selective Permeability:
- Allows certain molecules to pass through while keeping others out

Purpose:
- Allows for growth and repair of tissues
- Maintains genetic integrity
Characteristics:
- Produces 2 daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as parent cell
- Occurs in somatic cells
- Involves 4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Cellular components include plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi apparatus
Cell shapes can be spherical, elongated, irregular, or cuboidal
Cell size typically ranges from 1-100 μm in diameter

Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and occurs in somatic cells
Meiosis produces 4 daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell and occurs in reproductive cells
Interphase is the stage of mitosis where the cell grows and prepares for division
Prophase is the stage of mitosis where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes align at the center of the cell
Anaphase is the stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate
Telophase is the stage of mitosis where the nuclear envelope reforms
Cytokinesis is the stage of mitosis where the cytoplasm divides and the cell splits

The overall equation for photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2
Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes and convert light energy into ATP and NADPH
Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur in the stroma and use ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose

The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell, provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and allows for cell signaling
The cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer, proteins, and cholesterol
The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain molecules to pass through while keeping others out

The purpose of mitosis is to allow for growth and repair of tissues and to maintain genetic integrity
Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and occurs in somatic cells