Cell Specialization and Extracellular Matrix

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Questions and Answers

What is the main role of cellular specialization?

  • To differentiate cells by shape only
  • To enable cells to gain a specific function (correct)
  • To ensure all cells become identical
  • To increase the number of stem cells

Which of the following components primarily constitute the extracellular matrix in animals?

  • Proteins and lipids
  • Chlorophyll and cellulose
  • Proteins and carbohydrates (correct)
  • Carbohydrates and nucleic acids

What is one of the functions of the extracellular matrix?

  • Gene expression regulation in stem cells
  • Managing the energy production in cells
  • Protecting cells from microorganisms (correct)
  • Providing a medium for nucleic acid synthesis

Which statement is true about the differences between animal and plant extracellular matrices?

<p>Plant ECM is mainly composed of carbohydrates, while animal ECM is mainly composed of proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the extracellular matrix influence tissue properties?

<p>By impacting the mechanical and functional properties of tissues and cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell walls are found in dicots and some monocots?

<p>Type I cell walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the dynamic nature of the extracellular matrix?

<p>It allows for constant communication between cells and their environment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the structure of the extracellular matrix?

<p>It can vary in form from liquid to solid depending on the tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel processus permet à une cellule d'acquérir une fonction spécifique chez un organisme multicellulaire?

<p>Différenciation cellulaire (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle affirmation décrit le mieux l'extracellular matrix (ECM) chez les plantes?

<p>L'ECM est principalement composé de pectine et cellulose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comment l'ECM affecte-t-il la structure des tissus?

<p>Il fournit un soutien structurel et permet l'adhésion des cellules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle est l'une des principales différences entre l'ECM des animaux et celui des plantes?

<p>L'ECM des plantes est principalement composé de glucides. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Parmi ces fonctions, laquelle n'est pas associée à l'ECM?

<p>Régulation de la température corporelle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel type de paroi cellulaire est principalement trouvé dans les dicotylédones?

<p>Type I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quelle caractéristique décrit le mieux l'ECM?

<p>Il est un système de communication dynamique entre cellules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Quel élément de l'ECM offre une protection aux cellules?

<p>Collagène (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular specialization

The process where cells gain a specific function within a multicellular organism by expressing specific genes.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A complex material surrounding cells in tissues, providing structure and support.

ECM Composition (Animals)

Predominantly composed of proteins.

ECM Composition (Plants)

Primarily composed of carbohydrates, like pectin and cellulose.

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ECM Function: Adhesion

The ECM allows cells to attach to macromolecules, maintaining tissue structure.

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ECM Function: Properties

The ECM affects the mechanical and functional traits of tissues and cells.

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ECM Function: Communication

The ECM plays a vital role in cell-to-cell communication.

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ECM Function: Protection

The ECM acts as a barrier protecting cells from harmful substances.

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Cell Type Variety in Humans

An estimate of the huge number of different cell types found in the human body.

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Spécialisation cellulaire

Processus permettant aux cellules d'un organisme multicellulaire d'acquérir une fonction spécifique en exprimant des gènes spécifiques.

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Matrice extracellulaire (MEC)

Structure complexe entourant les cellules des tissus, offrant structure et soutien.

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Composition MEC (animaux)

Principalement composée de protéines.

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Composition MEC (végétaux)

Composée principalement de carbohydrates, comme la pectine et la cellulose.

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Fonction MEC : Adhésion

La MEC permet aux cellules de s'accrocher aux macromolécules, assurant la cohésion tissulaire.

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Fonction MEC : Propriétés

La MEC affecte les propriétés mécaniques et fonctionnelles des tissus et des cellules.

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Fonction MEC : Communication

La MEC joue un rôle crucial dans la communication cellulaire.

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Fonction MEC : Protection

La MEC agit comme barrière, protégeant les cellules contre les substances nocives.

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Types de cellules humaines

Nombre important de types cellulaires distincts dans le corps humain.

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Study Notes

Cell Specialization

  • Human cells are not identical, showing specialization in form, organelles and molecules
  • Humans have approximately 30,000 billion cells, with over 200 types
  • Cell specialization is a process allowing cells to perform specific functions
  • Specialized cells have the same genetic information, but controlled gene expression differentiates them

Extracellular Matrix

  • Cells in tissues are surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM)

  • ECM is made of macromolecules (large molecules) linking together like carbohydrates and proteins

  • These are secreted and created by the cells—can be liquid, gelatinous or solid

  • Animal tissues have different ECM—different properties for each tissue

  • Plant cell walls are primarily pectin and cellulose (pectocellulosic walls)

  • Types of cell walls exist in plants—type I found in dicots and some monocots—type II found in monocots and grasses

  • Plant ECM is primarily carbohydrates, while animal ECM is more made up of proteins

  • ECM functions include cell adhesion, creating tissue structure, interaction with molecules, a communication system in cells, and protection from microbes

  • ECM is a dynamic structure, constantly being built and broken down throughout an organism's life.

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