Cell Signalling Types and Process

Study Notes

Autocrine Signalling: Cells signal to themselves; important in self-regulation and feedback.
Paracrine Signalling: Localized signaling where cells communicate with neighboring cells; crucial for tissue response.
Endocrine Signalling: Long-range signaling via hormones in the bloodstream; affects distant targets throughout the body.

Reception: Ligands attach to specific cell surface receptors, initiating the signalling process (lock-and-key model).
Transduction: The signal is transmitted within the cell through pathways, such as phosphorylation and second messengers.
Response: Ultimately leads to changes in gene expression or alterations in ion flow, affecting cellular functions.

Ligand: Molecule that binds to a receptor to kickstart signaling.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK): A receptor activated by ligands which triggers multiple signaling pathways.
G-Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR): Activates G-proteins to regulate various downstream signaling events.
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK): Amplifies signaling for stronger cellular responses.
Second Messenger (e.g., cAMP): Increases the internal signaling capabilities of the cell.
Phosphorylation: The addition of phosphate groups to proteins modifies their activity, facilitating intracellular communication.

Proteins play critical roles in all levels of the signaling process, especially as receptors located on cell surfaces.

Function like internal text messages that distribute the signal within the cell post-receptor engagement, leading to a faster response.

Enzymes, particularly kinases, are pivotal in adding phosphate groups to proteins, often switching them on for function, central to signal transduction.

One signaling molecule can lead to a significant cellular response, akin to a microphone amplifying sound; this occurs through pathways that activate numerous proteins.

Serve as the cellular machinery for protein synthesis, interpreting mRNA instructions derived from DNA to create proteins integral to signaling pathways, including GPCR-related proteins.

Concludes with the transmission of signals to the nucleus, influencing gene expression through binding of proteins like transcription factors to DNA, guiding production of response-specific proteins.

Signalling Molecule: Ligand engages with cell surface receptor; adrenaline is a prime example that works with GPCR.

The activated receptor undergoes shape alteration, leading to internal protein activation, including G-proteins which trigger secondary processes.

Enzymes such as adenylate cyclase convert signals into second messengers (e.g., cAMP), amplifying the intracellular signal.

Kinases get activated through the second messenger pathway, resulting in specific cellular actions, including gene activation and response facilitation.