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Questions and Answers
Cells communicate through ______ signaling, which occurs outside cells and between cells.
Cells communicate through ______ signaling, which occurs outside cells and between cells.
intercellular
The signaling that occurs inside cells is known as ______ signaling.
The signaling that occurs inside cells is known as ______ signaling.
intracellular
There are four forms of intercellular communication: contact dependent, paracrine, synaptic, and ______.
There are four forms of intercellular communication: contact dependent, paracrine, synaptic, and ______.
endocrine
Extracellular signaling molecules bind to ______ proteins on the cell surface to initiate a signal.
Extracellular signaling molecules bind to ______ proteins on the cell surface to initiate a signal.
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Positive feedback loops ______ production of their outputs, enhancing their effects.
Positive feedback loops ______ production of their outputs, enhancing their effects.
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G-protein coupled receptors are classified as ______ proteins.
G-protein coupled receptors are classified as ______ proteins.
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The output of a negative feedback loop serves to ______ its own production.
The output of a negative feedback loop serves to ______ its own production.
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Ion-channel receptors respond to signaling molecules like ______ to regulate cell functions such as muscle contraction.
Ion-channel receptors respond to signaling molecules like ______ to regulate cell functions such as muscle contraction.
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G-protein coupled receptors have a ______ that spans the cell membrane.
G-protein coupled receptors have a ______ that spans the cell membrane.
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GTP is considered to be in the ______ state, while GDP is in the 'off' state.
GTP is considered to be in the ______ state, while GDP is in the 'off' state.
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Phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and ______ as small intracellular signalling molecules.
Phospholipase C generates inositol triphosphate (IP3) and ______ as small intracellular signalling molecules.
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Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP into ______.
Adenylate Cyclase converts ATP into ______.
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Enzyme coupled receptors usually have ______ domain activity.
Enzyme coupled receptors usually have ______ domain activity.
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The interaction of ligand with the receptor can lead to the ______ of protein molecules.
The interaction of ligand with the receptor can lead to the ______ of protein molecules.
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G-proteins are typically composed of three sub-units: alpha, beta, and ______.
G-proteins are typically composed of three sub-units: alpha, beta, and ______.
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Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum is triggered by ______.
Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum is triggered by ______.
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Cells can communicate through different forms, including __________ signaling, which occurs over long distances.
Cells can communicate through different forms, including __________ signaling, which occurs over long distances.
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In intercellular communication, __________ factors play a crucial role as signaling messengers.
In intercellular communication, __________ factors play a crucial role as signaling messengers.
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Intracellular signaling molecules are responsible for transmitting the signal from the receptor to the __________ proteins.
Intracellular signaling molecules are responsible for transmitting the signal from the receptor to the __________ proteins.
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Positive feedback loops in cell signaling serve to __________ the production of outputs.
Positive feedback loops in cell signaling serve to __________ the production of outputs.
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Ion channel receptors facilitate the flow of __________ ions, which can trigger physiological responses such as muscle contraction.
Ion channel receptors facilitate the flow of __________ ions, which can trigger physiological responses such as muscle contraction.
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The interaction between a ligand and its receptor leads to __________ changes in the receptor's conformation.
The interaction between a ligand and its receptor leads to __________ changes in the receptor's conformation.
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GTP-binding proteins can be classified into large trimeric proteins and small __________ proteins.
GTP-binding proteins can be classified into large trimeric proteins and small __________ proteins.
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The __________ domain is crucial for the activity of enzyme coupled receptors.
The __________ domain is crucial for the activity of enzyme coupled receptors.
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G-protein coupled receptors are the largest family of cell surface ______.
G-protein coupled receptors are the largest family of cell surface ______.
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Adenylate Cyclase generates the small intracellular signalling molecule ______ from ATP.
Adenylate Cyclase generates the small intracellular signalling molecule ______ from ATP.
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G-proteins cycle between an 'on' state with ______ and an 'off' state with GDP.
G-proteins cycle between an 'on' state with ______ and an 'off' state with GDP.
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The cytosolic domain of G-protein coupled receptors associates with ______ proteins.
The cytosolic domain of G-protein coupled receptors associates with ______ proteins.
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In enzyme coupled receptors, phosphorylation is typically carried out by a ______.
In enzyme coupled receptors, phosphorylation is typically carried out by a ______.
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Receptor dimerisation is a key feature of ______ coupled receptors.
Receptor dimerisation is a key feature of ______ coupled receptors.
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DAG remains in the cell membrane and activates ______ kinase C (PKC).
DAG remains in the cell membrane and activates ______ kinase C (PKC).
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What is the role of growth factors in intercellular communication?
What is the role of growth factors in intercellular communication?
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Which type of feedback loop stimulates its own production?
Which type of feedback loop stimulates its own production?
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Which type of receptor is involved in skeletal muscle contraction?
Which type of receptor is involved in skeletal muscle contraction?
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What is the function of trimeric G-proteins in cell signaling?
What is the function of trimeric G-proteins in cell signaling?
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Which of the following molecules typically binds to a receptor protein to initiate an intracellular signaling cascade?
Which of the following molecules typically binds to a receptor protein to initiate an intracellular signaling cascade?
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What role do adapter molecules play in intracellular signaling?
What role do adapter molecules play in intracellular signaling?
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Which type of intercellular communication occurs through local signaling between neighboring cells?
Which type of intercellular communication occurs through local signaling between neighboring cells?
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What is a characteristic feature of enzyme-coupled receptors?
What is a characteristic feature of enzyme-coupled receptors?
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What is the primary function of adenylate cyclase in cellular signaling?
What is the primary function of adenylate cyclase in cellular signaling?
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Which molecules are generated by phospholipase C?
Which molecules are generated by phospholipase C?
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What is the role of DAG in the cell membrane?
What is the role of DAG in the cell membrane?
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How do G-proteins switch between active and inactive states?
How do G-proteins switch between active and inactive states?
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What type of receptors utilize receptor dimerization to activate intracellular signaling?
What type of receptors utilize receptor dimerization to activate intracellular signaling?
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Which process is responsible for the deactivation of signaling proteins in the G-protein cycle?
Which process is responsible for the deactivation of signaling proteins in the G-protein cycle?
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In signaling pathways involving GDP and GTP, which state indicates an active G-protein?
In signaling pathways involving GDP and GTP, which state indicates an active G-protein?
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What is the significance of nucleotide signaling molecules within the cell?
What is the significance of nucleotide signaling molecules within the cell?
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Which of the following best describes paracrine signaling?
Which of the following best describes paracrine signaling?
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What distinguishes G-protein coupled receptors in signal transduction?
What distinguishes G-protein coupled receptors in signal transduction?
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Which type of receptor is directly involved in signal transduction for muscle contraction?
Which type of receptor is directly involved in signal transduction for muscle contraction?
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What role do switch proteins, such as GTP-binding proteins, play in cellular signaling?
What role do switch proteins, such as GTP-binding proteins, play in cellular signaling?
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Which process involves the output of a signal affecting the same process it originated from?
Which process involves the output of a signal affecting the same process it originated from?
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What is the primary function of adapter molecules in intracellular signaling?
What is the primary function of adapter molecules in intracellular signaling?
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In the context of intracellular signaling, which molecule initiates signal transmission upon binding to a receptor?
In the context of intracellular signaling, which molecule initiates signal transmission upon binding to a receptor?
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How does phosphorylation usually affect signaling pathways involving enzyme-coupled receptors?
How does phosphorylation usually affect signaling pathways involving enzyme-coupled receptors?
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Which of the following statements about G-proteins is correct?
Which of the following statements about G-proteins is correct?
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What is the primary function of phospholipase C in cellular signaling?
What is the primary function of phospholipase C in cellular signaling?
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What role does cyclic AMP (cAMP) play in cell signaling?
What role does cyclic AMP (cAMP) play in cell signaling?
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Which enzyme is responsible for degrading cyclic AMP?
Which enzyme is responsible for degrading cyclic AMP?
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In the context of G-protein coupled receptors, what does receptor dimerization imply?
In the context of G-protein coupled receptors, what does receptor dimerization imply?
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What is the effect of inositol triphosphate (IP3) in signal transduction?
What is the effect of inositol triphosphate (IP3) in signal transduction?
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What type of molecular modification is primarily associated with the 'on' and 'off' states of signaling proteins?
What type of molecular modification is primarily associated with the 'on' and 'off' states of signaling proteins?
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Which cellular component is primarily involved in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC)?
Which cellular component is primarily involved in the activation of protein kinase C (PKC)?
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Which type of intercellular signaling is characterized by communication between adjacent cells?
Which type of intercellular signaling is characterized by communication between adjacent cells?
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What type of feedback loop inhibits its own production?
What type of feedback loop inhibits its own production?
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Which type of receptor is directly associated with ion channel regulation?
Which type of receptor is directly associated with ion channel regulation?
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Which intracellular signaling protein is involved in facilitating gene transcription?
Which intracellular signaling protein is involved in facilitating gene transcription?
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What role do growth factors play in intercellular communication?
What role do growth factors play in intercellular communication?
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What type of signaling is mediated through the bloodstream and affects distant target cells?
What type of signaling is mediated through the bloodstream and affects distant target cells?
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During cell signaling, which molecules are responsible for transmitting signals from cell surface receptors to effector proteins?
During cell signaling, which molecules are responsible for transmitting signals from cell surface receptors to effector proteins?
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Which type of receptor is known for dimerization during signal transduction processes?
Which type of receptor is known for dimerization during signal transduction processes?
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What molecule is generated by adenylate cyclase from ATP?
What molecule is generated by adenylate cyclase from ATP?
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What do GTP-binding proteins cycle between to regulate their activity?
What do GTP-binding proteins cycle between to regulate their activity?
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Which molecules are produced by phospholipase C during signaling?
Which molecules are produced by phospholipase C during signaling?
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What is the primary function of DAG in cellular signaling?
What is the primary function of DAG in cellular signaling?
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Which statement about G-protein coupled receptors is true?
Which statement about G-protein coupled receptors is true?
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What role do phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation play in enzyme coupled receptors?
What role do phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation play in enzyme coupled receptors?
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What triggers calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum in signaling pathways?
What triggers calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum in signaling pathways?
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Study Notes
Cell Signalling Overview
- Cell signalling is the process by which cells communicate with each other.
- Two main types of communication: intercellular and intracellular.
- Intercellular communication occurs between cells, while intracellular communication occurs within a single cell.
- Intercellular communication has four forms:
- Contact dependent
- Paracrine
- Synaptic
- Endocrine
- Intracellular signalling involves the transfer of information from the outside of a cell across the membrane, to the inside of the cell, to elicit a response.
- This can result in changes such as cell movement, cell secretion, cell metabolism, cell growth, cell division and cell death.
- The speed of response varies; some responses are fast (seconds to minutes), while others are slow (minutes to hours).
- Common effects on cells include survival, growth/division, differentiation, and death(apoptosis).
- Feedback loops (positive and negative) can regulate signalling pathways.
- Receptor proteins and complexes (ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme coupled receptors) play a crucial role in cell signalling.
- Switch proteins, including GTP binding proteins, are important for controlling intracellular signalling.
- Nucleotide molecules like GTP carry energy and participate as signalling molecules in various cellular pathways.
- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors.
- Ligands, conserved domains, short peptide sequences, covalent modifications like phosphorylation, and small interaction domains are involved in receptor-associated complexes.
- Receptor activation often involves dimerization.
- Signalling pathways often involve multiple proteins and often involve signalling to organelles within the cell and /or the nucleus-resulting in gene changes and/or mediators being released.
Learning Objectives
- Understanding how cells communicate with each other and within themselves.
- Identifying the different forms of intercellular communication (contact dependent, paracrine, synaptic, and endocrine).
- Understanding the roles of various molecules involved in these processes (e.g., growth factors, cytokines, hormones).
- Understanding the role of receptors involved in cell signalling (e.g., ion channel receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme coupled receptors).
- Understanding signal transduction cascades.
- Understanding how the speed of response to signalling depends on receptor type
- Cell division and death.
- Signalling pathways in immunity, inflammation and in relation to the cytoskeleton.
- Review of different signalling pathways (G-protein, receptor kinase and JAK-STAT)
Specific Signalling Molecules, Pathways and Protein complexes
- Key Signal molecules include: Growth factors, cytokines, hormones, cAMP, diacylglycerol (DAG).
- Key receptor types: ion channels, GPCRs, receptor kinases
- Key proteins: G-proteins (including monomeric GTPases), RAS protein, PKA, PKC, and STAT pathway proteins.
- Key intracellular signalling pathways: Adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, and JAK-STAT pathway.
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Description
Explore the fundamental processes of cell signalling, focusing on both intercellular and intracellular communication. Understand the different forms of intercellular communication, the mechanisms involved in intracellular signalling, and the varied responses they elicit. This overview provides insight into cell behavior and the regulation of cellular activities.
