Cell Signalling and Cellular Responsiveness Overview

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What are the main types of local signals discussed in the text?

Paracrine Signalling and Synaptic Signalling (correct)

Endocrine Signalling and Neurotransmitter Signalling

Autocrine Signalling and Hormonal Signalling

Chemical Signalling and Electrical Signalling

Which type of signalling involves neurotransmitters like acetylcholine zipping across synapses?

Synaptic Signalling (correct)

Autocrine Signalling

Paracrine Signalling

Endocrine Signalling

What is the purpose of negative feedback loops in cell communication?

To adjust cellular actions based on external signals

To keep the performance in balance (correct)

To amplify responses

To coordinate defence mechanisms

Which cells form protective barriers according to the text?

Epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

When considering cellular responsiveness, how do cells respond?

Both individually and as part of a larger ensemble Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of chemical signals mentioned in the text?

Neurotransmitters, hormones, and growth factors Signup and view all the answers

How do stem cells behave in the cellular orchestra described?

Await cues for differentiation Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of positive feedback loops in cell communication?

To amplify responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mentioned in the text?

Serving functions related to development and sensory reception Signup and view all the answers

During the resting state of GPCRs, what is the state of the G protein?

Bound to GDP Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the activation phase of GPCRs?

The enzyme becomes active Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule displaces GDP from the G protein during ligand binding?

GTP Signup and view all the answers

What initiates cellular responses in the GPCR pathway?

GTPase activity of the G protein Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the GPCR pathway determines the function through shape alterations?

Conformational Changes Signup and view all the answers

How are GPCRs related to modern drugs according to the text?

Associated with one-third of modern drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of GPCRs being associated with many diseases?

They play a crucial role in cellular signaling Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of activated proteins in the cell?

Collaborate to make things happen within the cell Signup and view all the answers

What ensures signal transmission precision and localization in the human body?

Exquisite control and specific receptors Signup and view all the answers

How does the 3D molecular shape of proteins contribute to specificity in signal transmission?

Acts as a lock for specific ligands Signup and view all the answers

Where are water-soluble molecules receptors located?

Membrane-bound Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of G Protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ligand-gated ion channel receptors?

Control signal transduction pathways Signup and view all the answers

Why do only target receptors interact with specific signals in the body?

To activate specific cells at specific times Signup and view all the answers

How do activated proteins affect cellular processes within the cell?

Activate or inhibit enzymes, change gene expression, and kickstart cellular processes Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes membrane-bound receptors from non-membrane-bound receptors?

Their presence on the cytoplasmic membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of protein kinases in signal transduction?

Activate target proteins through phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

In a phosphorylation cascade, what role is played by the protein kinases?

Pass a baton to the next kinase Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if mutations affect the critical serine or threonine residues in proteins?

Lead to detrimental consequences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of phosphatases in signal transduction?

Remove phosphate groups from proteins Signup and view all the answers

How does adenylyl cyclase get activated in GPCR signaling?

Stimulated by the Gα subunit of the activated G protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of activating adenylyl cyclase?

Production of cAMP Signup and view all the answers

Which residues within proteins are typically phosphorylated during signal transduction?

Serine or threonine residues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adenylyl cyclase?

Convert ATP into cAMP Signup and view all the answers

How does cholera toxin disrupt the signaling pathway involving adenylyl cyclase?

Permanently activates adenylyl cyclase Signup and view all the answers