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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a receptor protein?
What is the primary function of a receptor protein?
- To regulate the cytoskeleton structure
- To metabolize hydrophobic signal molecules
- To transmit chemical signals from inside the cell to outside the cell
- To receive chemical signals from outside the cell and activate intracellular signaling pathways (correct)
What is the main difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic signal molecules?
What is the main difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic signal molecules?
- Hydrophilic signal molecules are larger than hydrophobic signal molecules
- Hydrophilic signal molecules can cross the cell membrane, while hydrophobic signal molecules cannot
- Hydrophilic signal molecules are more potent than hydrophobic signal molecules
- Hydrophilic signal molecules bind to cell surface receptors, while hydrophobic signal molecules bind to intracellular receptors (correct)
What is the function of effector proteins in intracellular signaling pathways?
What is the function of effector proteins in intracellular signaling pathways?
- To metabolize signal molecules
- To process and distribute the signal to specific intracellular targets (correct)
- To regulate the activity of receptors
- To receive chemical signals from outside the cell
What is the main characteristic of G-protein coupled receptors?
What is the main characteristic of G-protein coupled receptors?
What is the mechanism of action of ligand-gated ion channel receptors?
What is the mechanism of action of ligand-gated ion channel receptors?
What is the location of nuclear receptors?
What is the location of nuclear receptors?
What is the primary function of the cytosolic domain of a receptor tyrosine kinase?
What is the primary function of the cytosolic domain of a receptor tyrosine kinase?
What is the result of the binding of a ligand to a receptor tyrosine kinase?
What is the result of the binding of a ligand to a receptor tyrosine kinase?
Which of the following growth factors acts through a receptor tyrosine kinase?
Which of the following growth factors acts through a receptor tyrosine kinase?
What is the mechanism of activation of some receptor tyrosine kinases?
What is the mechanism of activation of some receptor tyrosine kinases?
What is the purpose of phosphotyrosine docking sites in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling?
What is the purpose of phosphotyrosine docking sites in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling?
What is the primary function of intracellular receptors?
What is the primary function of intracellular receptors?
Which type of hormones bind to intracellular receptors?
Which type of hormones bind to intracellular receptors?
What is the location of intracellular receptors in target cells?
What is the location of intracellular receptors in target cells?
Which of the following drugs targets intracellular receptors?
Which of the following drugs targets intracellular receptors?
What is the result of binding of small hydrophobic signal molecules to intracellular receptors?
What is the result of binding of small hydrophobic signal molecules to intracellular receptors?
What is the characteristic of lipophilic signals that allows them to enter target cells?
What is the characteristic of lipophilic signals that allows them to enter target cells?
What is the function of G-protein coupled receptors?
What is the function of G-protein coupled receptors?
What is the function of G-proteins?
What is the function of G-proteins?
What is the function of the α subunit of G-proteins?
What is the function of the α subunit of G-proteins?
What is the function of the β/γ complex of G-proteins?
What is the function of the β/γ complex of G-proteins?
What is the function of second messengers?
What is the function of second messengers?
What is the function of protein kinase A (PKA)?
What is the function of protein kinase A (PKA)?
Why are GPCRs important in medicine?
Why are GPCRs important in medicine?
What is the primary function of a receptor?
What is the primary function of a receptor?
What type of receptors are involved in rapid neurotransmission?
What type of receptors are involved in rapid neurotransmission?
What is the location of receptors that bind to hydrophilic signal molecules?
What is the location of receptors that bind to hydrophilic signal molecules?
What type of receptors are involved in regulating gene expression?
What type of receptors are involved in regulating gene expression?
What is the function of effector proteins in intracellular signaling pathways?
What is the function of effector proteins in intracellular signaling pathways?
What type of signal molecules bind to intracellular receptors?
What type of signal molecules bind to intracellular receptors?
Which receptor type is also called ionotropic receptors?
Which receptor type is also called ionotropic receptors?
What is the primary function of G-proteins?
What is the primary function of G-proteins?
What is the result of the activation of G-proteins?
What is the result of the activation of G-proteins?
What is the function of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?
What is the function of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)?
What is the function of diacylglycerol (DAG)?
What is the function of diacylglycerol (DAG)?
What is the function of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)?
What is the function of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)?
What is the result of the activation of protein kinase A (PKA)?
What is the result of the activation of protein kinase A (PKA)?
What is the function of Gs (stimulatory) G-proteins?
What is the function of Gs (stimulatory) G-proteins?
How many types of G-proteins are activated by the same signal?
How many types of G-proteins are activated by the same signal?
What is the role of lipophilic signal molecules in target cells?
What is the role of lipophilic signal molecules in target cells?
Which of the following drugs targets intracellular receptors to decrease blood lipids?
Which of the following drugs targets intracellular receptors to decrease blood lipids?
What is the outcome of the binding of small hydrophobic signal molecules to their respective intracellular receptor proteins?
What is the outcome of the binding of small hydrophobic signal molecules to their respective intracellular receptor proteins?
Which type of receptors are both receptors and intracellular effectors of the signal?
Which type of receptors are both receptors and intracellular effectors of the signal?
What is the function of intracellular receptors in the regulation of gene transcription?
What is the function of intracellular receptors in the regulation of gene transcription?
What is the characteristic of intracellular receptors that allows them to function as transcription regulators?
What is the characteristic of intracellular receptors that allows them to function as transcription regulators?
What is the characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinases that distinguishes them from other enzymes?
What is the characteristic of receptor tyrosine kinases that distinguishes them from other enzymes?
What is the result of dimerization of receptor tyrosine kinases?
What is the result of dimerization of receptor tyrosine kinases?
What is the role of the cytosolic domain of receptor tyrosine kinases?
What is the role of the cytosolic domain of receptor tyrosine kinases?
What is true about the activation of some receptor tyrosine kinases?
What is true about the activation of some receptor tyrosine kinases?
Study Notes
Cell Signaling
- A protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside the cell is called a receptor
- Receptors can be located on the cell surface or inside the cell (cytoplasm or nucleus)
- Hydrophilic signal molecules bind to receptors on the cell surface, while hydrophobic signal molecules bind to receptors inside the cell
Cell Surface Receptors
- There are five types of cell surface receptors:
- Ligand-gated ion channel receptors (ionotropic)
- G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic)
- Enzyme-coupled receptors
- Integrins
- TOLL-like receptors
G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
- GPCRs are integral membrane proteins that pass in and out of the plasma membrane multiple times
- They bind to a particular type of G protein, which relays the signal into the cell interior
- G proteins are membrane-associated trimeric proteins with three subunits: α, β, and γ
- When a ligand binds to a GPCR, the G protein dissociates and interacts with targets, such as enzymes or ion channels
Second Messengers
- Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules generated in response to receptor activation
- They diffuse away from their source and spread the signal to other parts of the cell
- Important second messengers include:
- Diacylglycerol (DAG)
- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
- Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)
- Calcium (Ca2+)
GPCR Signaling Pathway
- GPCRs can activate many different G proteins, which can interact with multiple targets
- The same signal can activate many different GPCRs
- GPCRs are important in medicine, with almost half of all known drugs working through GPCRs or their signaling pathways
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
- RTKs are the largest class of enzyme-coupled receptors
- They are transmembrane proteins with ligand-binding domains outside the plasma membrane and cytosolic domains that have intrinsic enzyme activity or associate with an enzyme
- Growth factors, such as insulin and epidermal growth factor, act through RTKs
- RTKs dimerize and phosphorylate each other, creating phosphotyrosine docking sites for intracellular signaling proteins
Intracellular Receptors
- Intracellular receptors are transcription regulators that bind to lipophilic signal molecules
- They can be located in the cytosol or nucleus
- Examples of intracellular receptors include steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, retinoid, and vitamin D
- Some drugs use intracellular receptors as targets, such as Fibrates, glucocorticoids, and glitazones
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Description
Learn about cell signaling, including the location of receptors, types of cell surface receptors, and second messengers like cAMP. Explore how GPCRs and nuclear receptors work.
