Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction Quiz

DNA fragments from cancer cells that cause uncontrolled cell growth.

Mouse fibroblast cells commonly used in experiments because they proliferate indefinitely in culture.

A portion of a DNA molecule isolated in experiments to insert into mouse cells.

A group of cells that stem from a single cell and have the same DNA. In experiments, colonies of abnormally proliferating cells.

Human gene found in cancer cell's DNA fragment.

An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to tyrosine molecules, but doesn't require a receptor on the cell membrane.

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase. Enzymes found in the cell membrane.

A non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in signal transduction.

Common protein domains in signal transduction proteins; involved in binding to other proteins.

A gene that has mutated from a proto-oncogene and promotes uncontrolled cell growth.

A mutation that causes a gene to produce a protein with a new, abnormal function, leading to cell growth.

A retrovirus that causes sarcomas (connective tissue cancers) in chickens.

Viral oncogene form of the c-src proto-oncogene.

The proto-oncogene that v-src mutated from, found in normal cells.

A protein derived from an oncogene, responsible for uncontrolled cell growth in cancer.

A mutated Ras protein that remains persistently active due to its slow GTP hydrolysis rate, constantly promoting cell growth.

A signaling pathway involved in cell growth and differentiation, mutations in any part can lead to cancer.

The challenge of finding effective drugs to target Ras oncoproteins, traditionally considered difficult to inhibit.

A promising approach to treat cancer by targeting signaling pathways downstream of Ras, rather than directly inhibiting Ras itself

A process where a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activates itself by adding phosphate groups to tyrosine residues on its own structure.

A protein domain that recognizes phosphorylated tyrosine residues. This domain is often found in signaling proteins.

A signaling pathway that regulates a variety of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and survival.

A type of cell surface receptor that activates an enzyme when a ligand binds to it.

A specific type of enzyme-coupled receptor that phosphorylates tyrosine residues on itself and other proteins, initiating signaling pathways.

A specific mutation in the KRAS gene where the amino acid glycine at position 12 is replaced with cysteine. This mutation makes the KRAS protein constantly active, promoting uncontrolled cell growth.

A new drug that specifically targets the KRAS(G12C) mutation. It binds to the mutated protein and blocks its activity, potentially stopping cancer cell growth.

A type of drug that binds to its target molecule (like a protein) very tightly and permanently, disabling it.

The body's immune system attacking and destroying cancer cells. Immune cells like T cells can recognize and kill tumor cells.

Drugs that block the 'brakes' on the immune system, allowing immune cells to attack cancer cells more effectively.

A type of immune response that remembers specific threats (like cancer cells) and mounts a stronger response the next time it encounters them.

A faster pathway for approving a new drug when there's an unmet medical need and the drug shows promising early results.