Mendelian Genetics

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What is the result of loss of regulation in signaling pathways in type 1 diabetes?

Cells don't respond to insulin

Overproduction of adrenaline

Multiple breakdown in a pathway

The pancreatic cells which produce insulin are lost (correct)

What is a characteristic of cancer cells?

Unlimited replicative potential (correct)

Dependence on proliferation signals

Ability to undergo apoptosis

Sensitivity to anti-growth signals

What can trigger the hyperactivation of the MAPK cascade?

Sustained autocrine or paracrine production of activating ligands (correct)

Overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases

Sustained production of inhibitory ligands

Malfunctioning of cell signaling

What is the result of the loss of cell cycle controls?

Abnormal growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense?

Prophase Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the sustained production of activating ligands in cancer?

Constitutive activation of the MAPK cascade Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cells in type 2 diabetes?

Insensitivity to insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate?

Anaphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer?

Constitutive activation of the MAPK cascade Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cell cycle control system?

Regulation of cell division Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis in multicellular organisms?

To create gametes with unique genetic combinations Signup and view all the answers

During meiosis, what happens to the number of chromosomes in the parent cell?

It decreases by half Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

It increases genetic variation Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between diploid and haploid organisms?

Diploid organisms have more chromosomes, while haploid organisms have fewer Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of Mendel's experiment on peas?

The traits of the offspring were distinct and inherited from the parents Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of dominance in Mendelian genetics?

The dominant trait is always expressed in the offspring Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Punnett square in Mendelian genetics?

To predict the outcome of a cross between two parents Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of segregation in Mendelian genetics?

The law of segregation of alleles Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of independent assortment in Mendelian genetics?

It increases the genetic variation in offspring Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis in terms of the number of gametes produced?

Four gametes with unique combinations of chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of gametes to genotype in an organism?

3:1 Signup and view all the answers

What determines the phenotype of an organism?

The inheritance of dominant and recessive traits Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a test cross?

To identify the dominant and recessive traits of an organism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells?

Mitosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing?

Interphase Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cell containing only one set of chromosomes?

Haploid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetic material of an organism or virus?

Genome Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern?

Homologous Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest?

Monohybrid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an organism that has two different alleles for a gene?

Heterozygote Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed?

Dihybrid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the appearance of a physical characteristic?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells?

Segregation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a trait that is expressed only when the genotype is homozygous?

Recessive Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for genes that are located on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance?

Sex-linked genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a diagram of family history that uses standardized symbols?

Pedigree Signup and view all the answers

What determines the nature of the cellular response in a cell signalling cascade?

The proteins participating in the signalling cascade Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of cell signalling cascades in terms of physiological processes?

Metabolic changes, cell proliferation, and apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of apoptosis in the human body?

To remove damaged and infected cells Signup and view all the answers

In which cells can apoptosis occur in response to internal or external death signals?

Only in mammalian cells Signup and view all the answers

Why is apoptosis essential during embryogenesis and development?

To remove excess cells and shape tissues Signup and view all the answers