Mendelian Genetics
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of loss of regulation in signaling pathways in type 1 diabetes?

  • Cells don't respond to insulin
  • Overproduction of adrenaline
  • Multiple breakdown in a pathway
  • The pancreatic cells which produce insulin are lost (correct)

What is a characteristic of cancer cells?

  • Unlimited replicative potential (correct)
  • Dependence on proliferation signals
  • Ability to undergo apoptosis
  • Sensitivity to anti-growth signals

What can trigger the hyperactivation of the MAPK cascade?

  • Sustained autocrine or paracrine production of activating ligands (correct)
  • Overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases
  • Sustained production of inhibitory ligands
  • Malfunctioning of cell signaling

What is the result of the loss of cell cycle controls?

<p>Abnormal growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of mitosis where chromosomes condense?

<p>Prophase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the sustained production of activating ligands in cancer?

<p>Constitutive activation of the MAPK cascade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of cells in type 2 diabetes?

<p>Insensitivity to insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the stage of mitosis where sister chromatids separate?

<p>Anaphase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases in cancer?

<p>Constitutive activation of the MAPK cascade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the cell cycle control system?

<p>Regulation of cell division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of meiosis in multicellular organisms?

<p>To create gametes with unique genetic combinations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During meiosis, what happens to the number of chromosomes in the parent cell?

<p>It decreases by half (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of crossing over in meiosis?

<p>It increases genetic variation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between diploid and haploid organisms?

<p>Diploid organisms have more chromosomes, while haploid organisms have fewer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of Mendel's experiment on peas?

<p>The traits of the offspring were distinct and inherited from the parents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of dominance in Mendelian genetics?

<p>The dominant trait is always expressed in the offspring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Punnett square in Mendelian genetics?

<p>To predict the outcome of a cross between two parents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of segregation in Mendelian genetics?

<p>The law of segregation of alleles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of independent assortment in Mendelian genetics?

<p>It increases the genetic variation in offspring (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of meiosis in terms of the number of gametes produced?

<p>Four gametes with unique combinations of chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of gametes to genotype in an organism?

<p>3:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the phenotype of an organism?

<p>The inheritance of dominant and recessive traits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a test cross?

<p>To identify the dominant and recessive traits of an organism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Mitosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing?

<p>Interphase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cell containing only one set of chromosomes?

<p>Haploid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetic material of an organism or virus?

<p>Genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a pair of chromosomes of the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern?

<p>Homologous (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest?

<p>Monohybrid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an organism that has two different alleles for a gene?

<p>Heterozygote (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed?

<p>Dihybrid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the appearance of a physical characteristic?

<p>Phenotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which pairs of gene variants are separated into reproductive cells?

<p>Segregation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a trait that is expressed only when the genotype is homozygous?

<p>Recessive (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for genes that are located on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance?

<p>Sex-linked genes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a diagram of family history that uses standardized symbols?

<p>Pedigree (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the nature of the cellular response in a cell signalling cascade?

<p>The proteins participating in the signalling cascade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of cell signalling cascades in terms of physiological processes?

<p>Metabolic changes, cell proliferation, and apoptosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of apoptosis in the human body?

<p>To remove damaged and infected cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which cells can apoptosis occur in response to internal or external death signals?

<p>Only in mammalian cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is apoptosis essential during embryogenesis and development?

<p>To remove excess cells and shape tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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