Sect 10 Quiz Mixed Hard

The process by which a cell receives and responds to a signal from outside the cell

Signaling molecules that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors

Signaling molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane, and bind to cell-surface receptors.

Receptors located inside the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus, that bind to hydrophobic signaling molecules.

Receptors located on the cell membrane that bind to hydrophilic signaling molecules.

A series of molecular events that relay a signal from the cell’s surface to its target.

Molecules that execute the final response of the signaling pathway.

Signaling between adjacent cells by signaling molecules attached to the cell membrane of one cell affecting a neighboring cell with receptors.

A mechanism where the product of a process inhibits its own production.

Located on cell surfaces of target cells or intracellularly (cytoplasm or nucleus).

Binds to receptors, changing receptor properties upon binding. It's primarily about binding the receptor.

Receptors bind to one or a few similar ligands.

Receptors activate limited signaling pathways.

The concentration of ligand at which half the receptors are occupied; a measure of how tightly the ligand binds to the receptor.

Occurs when most receptors aren't yet occupied; the maximum effect from the ligand isn't seen until almost all receptors are occupied.

Intracellular signaling molecules that carry signals from receptors.

Signaling pathways involving second messengers and enzyme cascades greatly increase the signal.

Conserved GTP-binding proteins that act as molecular switches, 'on' when bound to GTP, and 'off' when bound to GDP.

The process of converting an external signal into a cellular response.

A series of steps that convey information from a signaling molecule to a desired cellular outcome.

Molecules that originate outside the cell and initiate a signal cascade.

A type of cell-surface receptor that activates intracellular signaling pathways via a G protein.

Cell surface receptors that are activated by ligand binding and phosphorylate tyrosine residues on themselves or other intracellular proteins, initiating intracellular signaling.

Small molecules or ions that relay signals inside the cell initiated by a receptor.

An enzyme that adds phosphate groups to other proteins, regulating their function.

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, reversing the effects of kinases.

All the biochemical reactions in a cell that support the cell’s survival and reproduction.

Changes in cell location or shape in response to signals.

The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product.

The activities that support cell's tasks to live, grow and reproduce.

cAMP binding releases PKA's catalytic subunits, activating it.

Different cell types have varying PKA targets, leading to diverse cellular responses.

PKA regulates glycogen synthesis and breakdown in liver and muscle cells via kinase cascades, influenced by hormones.

PKA activates glycogen phosphorylase (GP) via glycogen phosphorylase kinase (GPK), breaking down glycogen.

PKA inactivates glycogen synthase (GS), decreasing glycogen synthesis.

PP activates glycogen synthase and inactivates GPK and GP in the absence of cAMP, stimulating glycogen synthesis.

Cells integrate signals from multiple sources and potentially different messengers, impacting cellular responses.

GPCR signaling ends by ligand dissociation or decreased receptor affinity after GTP replaces GDP on Gas.

Relay signals from cell-surface receptors to effector proteins, which modify cellular functions.

A cell-surface receptor with 7 membrane-spanning domains that activates G proteins.

Ligand binding to GPCR activates G protein by causing GDP release and GTP binding to the alpha subunit.

G proteins have alpha, beta, and gamma subunits; alpha subunit is directly involved in signal transduction.

Inactive form: GDP bound, Activated form: GTP bound. Alpha subunit (or beta and gamma together) dissociates from beta-gamma and activates an effector protein.

Proteins that carry out a cellular response following G protein activation.

An effector protein that produces cyclic AMP (cAMP), a second messenger.

A second messenger activated by adenylyl cyclase, initiating cellular responses.

Enzyme that breaks down cAMP, thus terminating signal.

Phosphorylation activates MAP kinases (and other protein kinases) in signal transduction pathways, boosting their activity and causing dimerization.

Activated dimeric MAP kinase moves into the cell nucleus to affect gene expression.

MAP kinase influences various transcription factors (TCF) and proteins like p90RSK, thereby controlling gene expression and signaling processes.

Proteins like Ste5 and Pbs2 arrange MAP kinase pathways into distinct complexes, preventing cross-activation between different pathways triggered by various signals.

Notch receptor binding to Delta ligand triggers two sequential cleavages, exposing active sites and changing its conformation to activate cell signalling.

Initially, the Notch receptor is folded, preventing cleavage by ADAM10.

Notch-Delta binding exposes the ADAM 10 cleavage site on the Notch receptor.